Abstract：
:Rapid effects of steroid hormones result from the actions of specific receptors localized most often to the plasma membrane. Fast-acting membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) leads to the modification of existing proteins and cell behaviors. Rapid steroid-triggered signaling through calcium, amine release, and kinase activation also impacts the regulation of gene expression by steroids, sometimes requiring integration with nuclear steroid receptor function. In this and other ways, the integration of all steroid actions in the cell coordinates outcomes such as cell fate, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The nature of the receptors is of intense interest, and significant data suggest that extranuclear and nuclear steroid receptor pools are the same proteins. Insights regarding the structural determinants for membrane localization and function, as well as the nature of interactions with G proteins and other signaling molecules in confined areas of the membrane, have led to a fuller understanding of how steroid receptors effect rapid actions. Increasingly, the relevance of rapid signaling for the in vivo functions of steroid hormones has been established. Examples include steroid effects on reproductive organ development and function, cardiovascular responsiveness, and cancer biology. However, although great strides have been made, much remains to be understood concerning the integration of extranuclear and nuclear receptor functions to organ biology. In this review, we highlight the significant progress that has been made in these areas.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Hammes SR,Levin ERdoi
10.1210/er.2007-0022subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-01 00:00:00pages
726-41issue
7eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189pii
er.2007-0022journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Estrogens are essential for normal reproductive function. In addition, they exert important, complex, and diverse nonreproductive actions on multiple tissues. Although accumulating evidence from basic science studies using animal models suggests that estradiol plays a critical neuroprotective role against multiple typ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2004-0014
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00066
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrea...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-6-1-87
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2000-0035
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00220
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Cloning of their cDNAs demonstrated the existence of two distinct but related genes: COUP-TFI (EAR-3, NR2F1) and COUP-TFII (ARP-1, NR2F2). They are referred to as orphan receptors because li...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0021
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In humans and other mammalian species, the pool of resting primordial follicles serves as the source of developing follicles and fertilizable ova for the entire length of female reproductive life. One question that has intrigued biologists is: what are the mechanisms controlling the activation of dormant primordial fo...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2008-0048
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00188
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-16-4-460
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2001-0034
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disruption of the GH receptor (GHR) gene eliminates GH-induced intracellular signaling and, thus, its biological actions. Therefore, the GHR gene disrupted mouse (GHR-/-) has been and is a valuable tool for helping to define various parameters of GH physiology. Since its creation in 1995, this mouse strain has been us...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0009
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1210/endrev/bnaa006
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epitheli...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0022
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into the lower abdominal cavity. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pe...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00242
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a chronic, low-level, inflammatory state. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin action were initially proposed as the common preceding factors of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose tolerance, linki...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0010
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the "Mighty Mouse" over a decade ago spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The myostatin-null genotype produces "double muscling" in mice and livestock and was recently described in a child. The field's rapid growth is by no mea...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2008-0003
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VD...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2008-0004
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00167
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0003
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past decade, possible advancement in timing of puberty has been reported in the United States. In addition, early pubertal development and an increased incidence of sexual precocity have been noticed in children, primarily girls, migrating for foreign adoption in several Western European countries. These ob...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0019
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basi...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-1-107
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae assoc...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0025
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" that is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00174
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0014
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2004-0016
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00191
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditio...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2013-1009
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the primary focus of biological regulation is at the level of a transcriptional coactivator. We have reviewed here the molecular mechanisms a...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0012
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most active corticosteroids are 11 beta-hydroxylated. Humans have two isozymes with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity that are respectively required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. CYP11B1 (11 beta-hydroxylase) is expressed at high levels and is regulated by ACTH, whereas CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) is norma...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-15-4-421
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2006-0033
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
