Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms.

abstract：:In humans and other mammalian species, the pool of resting primordial follicles serves as the source of developing follicles and fertilizable ova for the entire length of female reproductive life. One question that has intrigued biologists is: what are the mechanisms controlling the activation of dormant primordial fo...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Adhikari D,Liu K

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" that is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lal RA,Ekhlaspour L,Hood K,Buckingham B

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ghosh P,Sahoo R,Vaidya A,Chorev M,Halperin JA

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, ovarian tissue cryopreservation has rapidly developed as a successful method for preserving the fertility of girls and young women with cancer or benign conditions requiring gonadotoxic therapy, and is now becoming widely recognized as an effective alternative to oocyte and embryo freezing when not fe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Grosbois J,Devos M,Demeestere I

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well known that GH is important in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth. Its role in the regulation of bone metabolism in man has not been understood until recently. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that GH is important in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. In ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ohlsson C,Bengtsson BA,Isaksson OG,Andreassen TT,Slootweg MC

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to positive, inducing a surge of GnRH release from the brain, which signals the pitui...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Christian CA,Moenter SM

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward cells of the osteoblastic lineage and also enhance the differentiated function of the osteoblast. However, the activity of BMPs nee...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Canalis E,Economides AN,Gazzerro E

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epitheli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Mruk DD,Cheng CY

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Wang W,Chen ZJ,Myatt L,Sun K

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rosenfield RL,Ehrmann DA

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Shea B,Wells G,Cranney A,Zytaruk N,Robinson V,Griffith L,Ortiz Z,Peterson J,Adachi J,Tugwell P,Guyatt G,Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group.

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Vanderschueren D,Vandenput L,Boonen S,Lindberg MK,Bouillon R,Ohlsson C

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goffin V,Bernichtein S,Touraine P,Kelly PA

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Howard SR,Dunkel L

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kearns AE,Khosla S,Kostenuik PJ

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basi...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Tomer Y,Davies TF

更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kinoshita Y,Fukumoto S

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk f...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fonseca V,Desouza C,Asnani S,Jialal I

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal development and function of the testis are controlled by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are growth factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in various tissues during normal and abnormal processes such as embryo development, wound healing, tiss...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Basciani S,Mariani S,Spera G,Gnessi L

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past decade, possible advancement in timing of puberty has been reported in the United States. In addition, early pubertal development and an increased incidence of sexual precocity have been noticed in children, primarily girls, migrating for foreign adoption in several Western European countries. These ob...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Parent AS,Teilmann G,Juul A,Skakkebaek NE,Toppari J,Bourguignon JP

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the primary focus of biological regulation is at the level of a transcriptional coactivator. We have reviewed here the molecular mechanisms a...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Puigserver P,Spiegelman BM

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sun M,Kraus WL

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin signaling plays a physiological role in traditional insulin target tissues controlling glucose homeostasis as well as in pancreatic β-cells and in the endothelium. Insulin signaling abnormalities may, therefore, be pathogenic for insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, endothelial dysfunction, and even...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Prudente S,Sesti G,Pandolfi A,Andreozzi F,Consoli A,Trischitta V

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into the lower abdominal cavity. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Bulun SE,Yilmaz BD,Sison C,Miyazaki K,Bernardi L,Liu S,Kohlmeier A,Yin P,Milad M,Wei J

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chiang JY

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ardestani A,Maedler K

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a chronic, low-level, inflammatory state. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin action were initially proposed as the common preceding factors of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose tolerance, linki...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fernández-Real JM,Ricart W

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditio...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Foster BL,Nociti FH Jr,Somerman MJ

更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several components of the GH axis are involved in tumor progression, and GH-induced intracellular signaling has been strongly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in genome-wide association studies. In the general population, high IGF-I levels and low IGF-binding protein-3 levels within the normal range are as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Boguszewski CL,Boguszewski MCDS

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kahl CR,Means AR

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00