Abstract：
:Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Zimmermann MBdoi
10.1210/er.2009-0011subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-06-01 00:00:00pages
376-408issue
4eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189pii
er.2009-0011journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrea...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-6-1-87
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00248
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae assoc...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0025
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Access to effective affordable contraception is critical for individual and public health. A wide range of hormonal contraceptives (HCs), which differ in composition, concentration of the progestin component, frequency of dosage, and method of administration, is currently available globally. However, the options are r...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00103
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2001-0034
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00066
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the islet beta-cell involves a sequence of metabolic events and an interplay between a wide range of signaling pathways leading to the generation of second messengers (e.g., cyclic nucleotides, adenine and guanine nucleotides, soluble lipid messengers) and mobilization of calc...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2009-0022
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in the housebound and in geriatric patients. The establishment of strict diagnostic criteria is hampered by differences in assay methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin under influence of UV light decreases with aging due to ins...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00191
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0005
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hormones and cytokines regulate many cellular functions by activating the ubiquitous cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A kinase) system. Newly synthesized cAMP molecules bind to regulatory (R) subunits in A kinase holoenzymes, causing them to release their catalytic (C) subunits. These free C subunits then phosphorylate ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-5-632
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2004-0024
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-2-165
更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several components of the GH axis are involved in tumor progression, and GH-induced intracellular signaling has been strongly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in genome-wide association studies. In the general population, high IGF-I levels and low IGF-binding protein-3 levels within the normal range are as...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00166
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0008
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk f...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0034
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0012
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward cells of the osteoblastic lineage and also enhance the differentiated function of the osteoblast. However, the activity of BMPs nee...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" that is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin degradation is a regulated process that plays a role in controlling insulin action by removing and inactivating the hormone. Abnormalities in insulin clearance and degradation are present in various pathological conditions including type 2 diabetes and obesity and may be important in producing clinical problem...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv.19.5.0349
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basi...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-1-107
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
