Relaxin's physiological roles and other diverse actions.

abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kearns AE,Khosla S,Kostenuik PJ

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sapolsky RM,Romero LM,Munck AU

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the primary focus of biological regulation is at the level of a transcriptional coactivator. We have reviewed here the molecular mechanisms a...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Puigserver P,Spiegelman BM

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Curry TE Jr,Osteen KG

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, which includes TGF-betas, growth differentiation factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, are synthesized as prepropeptide precursors and then processed and secreted as homodimers or heterodimers. Most ligands of the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chang H,Brown CW,Matzuk MM

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VD...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Bouillon R,Carmeliet G,Verlinden L,van Etten E,Verstuyf A,Luderer HF,Lieben L,Mathieu C,Demay M

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogens are essential for normal reproductive function. In addition, they exert important, complex, and diverse nonreproductive actions on multiple tissues. Although accumulating evidence from basic science studies using animal models suggests that estradiol plays a critical neuroprotective role against multiple typ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Wise PM,Dubal DB,Rau SW,Brown CM,Suzuki S

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward cells of the osteoblastic lineage and also enhance the differentiated function of the osteoblast. However, the activity of BMPs nee...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Canalis E,Economides AN,Gazzerro E

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Vanderschueren D,Vandenput L,Boonen S,Lindberg MK,Bouillon R,Ohlsson C

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal ph...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Macklon NS,Stouffer RL,Giudice LC,Fauser BC

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kloos RT,Gross MD,Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related but genetically distinct hormones/paracrine factors that regulate blood volume, blood pressure, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, fat metabolism, and long bone growth. The mammalian members are atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic pepti...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Potter LR,Abbey-Hosch S,Dickey DM

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy KG,Dhillo WS,Bloom SR

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Richards JS,Ren YA,Candelaria N,Adams JE,Rajkovic A

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sun M,Kraus WL

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal reproductive function in mammals requires precise control of LH synthesis and secretion by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Synthesis of LH requires expression of two genes [alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) and LHbeta] located on different chromosomes. Hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads modul...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Jorgensen JS,Quirk CC,Nilson JH

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hox genes have a well-characterized role in embryonic development, where they determine identity along the anteroposterior body axis. Hox genes are expressed not only during embryogenesis but also in the adult, where they are necessary for functional differentiation. Despite the known function of these genes as transc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Daftary GS,Taylor HS

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ghosh P,Sahoo R,Vaidya A,Chorev M,Halperin JA

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kinoshita Y,Fukumoto S

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" that is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lal RA,Ekhlaspour L,Hood K,Buckingham B

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the "Mighty Mouse" over a decade ago spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The myostatin-null genotype produces "double muscling" in mice and livestock and was recently described in a child. The field's rapid growth is by no mea...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rodgers BD,Garikipati DK

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Smith TJ,Janssen JAMJL

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kahl CR,Means AR

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin signaling plays a physiological role in traditional insulin target tissues controlling glucose homeostasis as well as in pancreatic β-cells and in the endothelium. Insulin signaling abnormalities may, therefore, be pathogenic for insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, endothelial dysfunction, and even...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Prudente S,Sesti G,Pandolfi A,Andreozzi F,Consoli A,Trischitta V

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a chronic, low-level, inflammatory state. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin action were initially proposed as the common preceding factors of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose tolerance, linki...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fernández-Real JM,Ricart W

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin degradation is a regulated process that plays a role in controlling insulin action by removing and inactivating the hormone. Abnormalities in insulin clearance and degradation are present in various pathological conditions including type 2 diabetes and obesity and may be important in producing clinical problem...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Duckworth WC,Bennett RG,Hamel FG

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several components of the GH axis are involved in tumor progression, and GH-induced intracellular signaling has been strongly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in genome-wide association studies. In the general population, high IGF-I levels and low IGF-binding protein-3 levels within the normal range are as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Boguszewski CL,Boguszewski MCDS

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most active corticosteroids are 11 beta-hydroxylated. Humans have two isozymes with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity that are respectively required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. CYP11B1 (11 beta-hydroxylase) is expressed at high levels and is regulated by ACTH, whereas CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) is norma...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： White PC,Curnow KM,Pascoe L

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Cloning of their cDNAs demonstrated the existence of two distinct but related genes: COUP-TFI (EAR-3, NR2F1) and COUP-TFII (ARP-1, NR2F2). They are referred to as orphan receptors because li...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lin FJ,Qin J,Tang K,Tsai SY,Tsai MJ

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00