Endocrine regulation of HOX genes.

abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Srirangam Nadhamuni V,Korbonits M

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goldfine ID,Maddux BA,Youngren JF,Reaven G,Accili D,Trischitta V,Vigneri R,Frittitta L

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In human beings, two forms of GnRH, termed GnRH-I and GnRH-II, encoded by separate genes have been identified. Although these hormones share comparable cDNA and genomic structures, their tissue distribution and regulation of gene expression are significantly dissimilar. The actions of GnRH are mediated by the GnRH rec...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Cheng CK,Leung PC

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to positive, inducing a surge of GnRH release from the brain, which signals the pitui...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Christian CA,Moenter SM

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kinoshita Y,Fukumoto S

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epitheli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Mruk DD,Cheng CY

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rosenfield RL,Ehrmann DA

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Köhrle J,Jakob F,Contempré B,Dumont JE

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in the housebound and in geriatric patients. The establishment of strict diagnostic criteria is hampered by differences in assay methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin under influence of UV light decreases with aging due to ins...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lips P

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chiang JY

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, which includes TGF-betas, growth differentiation factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, are synthesized as prepropeptide precursors and then processed and secreted as homodimers or heterodimers. Most ligands of the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chang H,Brown CW,Matzuk MM

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kahl CR,Means AR

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent, rapid changes in the treatment of type 1 diabetes have allowed for commercialization of an "artificial pancreas" that is better described as a closed-loop controller of insulin delivery. This review presents the current state of closed-loop control systems and expected future developments with a discussion of ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lal RA,Ekhlaspour L,Hood K,Buckingham B

更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Howard SR,Dunkel L

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, ovarian tissue cryopreservation has rapidly developed as a successful method for preserving the fertility of girls and young women with cancer or benign conditions requiring gonadotoxic therapy, and is now becoming widely recognized as an effective alternative to oocyte and embryo freezing when not fe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Grosbois J,Devos M,Demeestere I

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the islet beta-cell involves a sequence of metabolic events and an interplay between a wide range of signaling pathways leading to the generation of second messengers (e.g., cyclic nucleotides, adenine and guanine nucleotides, soluble lipid messengers) and mobilization of calc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kowluru A

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sun M,Kraus WL

更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the "Mighty Mouse" over a decade ago spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The myostatin-null genotype produces "double muscling" in mice and livestock and was recently described in a child. The field's rapid growth is by no mea...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rodgers BD,Garikipati DK

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycation gap (GGap) and the similar hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) define consistent differences between glycated hemoglobin and actual glycemia derived from fructosamine or mean blood glucose, respectively. Such a disparity may be found in a substantial proportion of people with diabetes, being >1 U of glycate...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Nayak AU,Singh BM,Dunmore SJ

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Corbin KD,Driscoll KA,Pratley RE,Smith SR,Maahs DM,Mayer-Davis EJ,Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rose DP,Haffner SM,Baillargeon J

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VD...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Bouillon R,Carmeliet G,Verlinden L,van Etten E,Verstuyf A,Luderer HF,Lieben L,Mathieu C,Demay M

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae assoc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Holland WL,Summers SA

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kloos RT,Gross MD,Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Curry TE Jr,Osteen KG

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper has reviewed current knowledge of clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations of extracranial GRH-producing tumors. Excessive GRH release stimulates pituitary somatotrophs causing elevation of blood GH levels and acromegaly. In some patients with GRH-containing tumor, blood GH concentrations are...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sano T,Asa SL,Kovacs K

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Shea B,Wells G,Cranney A,Zytaruk N,Robinson V,Griffith L,Ortiz Z,Peterson J,Adachi J,Tugwell P,Guyatt G,Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group.

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal ph...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Macklon NS,Stouffer RL,Giudice LC,Fauser BC

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In humans and other mammalian species, the pool of resting primordial follicles serves as the source of developing follicles and fertilizable ova for the entire length of female reproductive life. One question that has intrigued biologists is: what are the mechanisms controlling the activation of dormant primordial fo...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Adhikari D,Liu K

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several components of the GH axis are involved in tumor progression, and GH-induced intracellular signaling has been strongly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in genome-wide association studies. In the general population, high IGF-I levels and low IGF-binding protein-3 levels within the normal range are as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Boguszewski CL,Boguszewski MCDS

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00