Multiple and overlapping combinatorial codes orchestrate hormonal responsiveness and dictate cell-specific expression of the genes encoding luteinizing hormone.

abstract：:Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, which includes TGF-betas, growth differentiation factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, are synthesized as prepropeptide precursors and then processed and secreted as homodimers or heterodimers. Most ligands of the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chang H,Brown CW,Matzuk MM

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most active corticosteroids are 11 beta-hydroxylated. Humans have two isozymes with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity that are respectively required for cortisol and aldosterone synthesis. CYP11B1 (11 beta-hydroxylase) is expressed at high levels and is regulated by ACTH, whereas CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) is norma...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： White PC,Curnow KM,Pascoe L

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Smith TJ,Janssen JAMJL

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycation gap (GGap) and the similar hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) define consistent differences between glycated hemoglobin and actual glycemia derived from fructosamine or mean blood glucose, respectively. Such a disparity may be found in a substantial proportion of people with diabetes, being >1 U of glycate...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Nayak AU,Singh BM,Dunmore SJ

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to positive, inducing a surge of GnRH release from the brain, which signals the pitui...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Christian CA,Moenter SM

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy KG,Dhillo WS,Bloom SR

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the islet beta-cell involves a sequence of metabolic events and an interplay between a wide range of signaling pathways leading to the generation of second messengers (e.g., cyclic nucleotides, adenine and guanine nucleotides, soluble lipid messengers) and mobilization of calc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kowluru A

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) with inhibitory antibodies has demonstrated effective and durable antitumor ac...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chang LS,Barroso-Sousa R,Tolaney SM,Hodi FS,Kaiser UB,Min L

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells from the chorionic girdle of the equine trophoblast invade the maternal endometrium at day 36 of gestation and become established as secretory elements known as the endometrial cups. These structures, which persist for 40-60 days, produce a gonadotropin which can be found in circulation until about day 130 of ge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy BD,Martinuk SD

更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goldfine ID,Maddux BA,Youngren JF,Reaven G,Accili D,Trischitta V,Vigneri R,Frittitta L

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Corbin KD,Driscoll KA,Pratley RE,Smith SR,Maahs DM,Mayer-Davis EJ,Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kearns AE,Khosla S,Kostenuik PJ

更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rose DP,Haffner SM,Baillargeon J

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past few years have provided substantial evidence for the vital role of the local tumor microenvironment for various aspects of tumor progression. With obesity and its pathophysiological sequelae still on the rise, the adipocyte is increasingly moving center stage in the context of tumor stroma-related studies. To...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Park J,Euhus DM,Scherer PE

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Cloning of their cDNAs demonstrated the existence of two distinct but related genes: COUP-TFI (EAR-3, NR2F1) and COUP-TFII (ARP-1, NR2F2). They are referred to as orphan receptors because li...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lin FJ,Qin J,Tang K,Tsai SY,Tsai MJ

更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Wang W,Chen ZJ,Myatt L,Sun K

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Trujillo ME,Scherer PE

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae assoc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Holland WL,Summers SA

更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal development and function of the testis are controlled by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are growth factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in various tissues during normal and abnormal processes such as embryo development, wound healing, tiss...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Basciani S,Mariani S,Spera G,Gnessi L

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrea...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Tibaldi JM,Surks MI

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Excess body weight is associated not only with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also with various types of malignancies. Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by adipose tissue, exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, proapoptotic, and antipro...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Dalamaga M,Diakopoulos KN,Mantzoros CS

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper has reviewed current knowledge of clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations of extracranial GRH-producing tumors. Excessive GRH release stimulates pituitary somatotrophs causing elevation of blood GH levels and acromegaly. In some patients with GRH-containing tumor, blood GH concentrations are...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sano T,Asa SL,Kovacs K

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ghosh P,Sahoo R,Vaidya A,Chorev M,Halperin JA

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Vanderschueren D,Vandenput L,Boonen S,Lindberg MK,Bouillon R,Ohlsson C

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the primary focus of biological regulation is at the level of a transcriptional coactivator. We have reviewed here the molecular mechanisms a...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Puigserver P,Spiegelman BM

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sapolsky RM,Romero LM,Munck AU

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We applied decision analysis to the controversy over the management of the solitary nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Three standard management plans were considered: immediate subtotal thyroidectomy; a six month trial of thyroid suppression with L-thyroxine, with non-suppressible lesions being removed surgically; and as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Molitch ME,Beck JR,Dreisman M,Gottlieb JE,Pauker SG

更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PRL and GH are hormones with a wide spectrum of actions. Specific receptors are widely distributed in a number of classical target organs, but other tissues that are not known targets also contain measurable binding sites or receptor mRNA. The most likely explanation is that PRL and GH cause effects that have not yet ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kelly PA,Djiane J,Postel-Vinay MC,Edery M

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kloos RT,Gross MD,Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00