Abstract:
:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androgens, as well as estrogens, maintain cancellous bone mass and integrity, regardless of age or sex. Although androgens, via the androgen receptor (AR), and estrogens, via the estrogen receptors (ERs), can exert these effects, their relative contribution remains uncertain. Recent studies suggest that androgen action on cancellous bone depends on (local) aromatization of androgens into estrogens. However, at least in rodents, androgen action on cancellous bone can be directly mediated via AR activation, even in the absence of ERs. Androgens also increase cortical bone size via stimulation of both longitudinal and radial growth. First, androgens, like estrogens, have a biphasic effect on endochondral bone formation: at the start of puberty, sex steroids stimulate endochondral bone formation, whereas they induce epiphyseal closure at the end of puberty. Androgen action on the growth plate is, however, clearly mediated via aromatization in estrogens and interaction with ERalpha. Androgens increase radial growth, whereas estrogens decrease periosteal bone formation. This effect of androgens may be important because bone strength in males seems to be determined by relatively higher periosteal bone formation and, therefore, greater bone dimensions, relative to muscle mass at older age. Experiments in mice again suggest that both the AR and ERalpha pathways are involved in androgen action on radial bone growth. ERbeta may mediate growth-limiting effects of estrogens in the female but does not seem to be involved in the regulation of bone size in males. In conclusion, androgens may protect men against osteoporosis via maintenance of cancellous bone mass and expansion of cortical bone. Such androgen action on bone is mediated by the AR and ERalpha.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Vanderschueren D,Vandenput L,Boonen S,Lindberg MK,Bouillon R,Ohlsson Cdoi
10.1210/er.2003-0003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-06-01 00:00:00pages
389-425issue
3eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189pii
25/3/389journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::PRL and GH are hormones with a wide spectrum of actions. Specific receptors are widely distributed in a number of classical target organs, but other tissues that are not known targets also contain measurable binding sites or receptor mRNA. The most likely explanation is that PRL and GH cause effects that have not yet ...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-12-3-235
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-16-4-460
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2004-0025
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glycation gap (GGap) and the similar hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) define consistent differences between glycated hemoglobin and actual glycemia derived from fructosamine or mean blood glucose, respectively. Such a disparity may be found in a substantial proportion of people with diabetes, being >1 U of glycate...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2018-00284
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the islet beta-cell involves a sequence of metabolic events and an interplay between a wide range of signaling pathways leading to the generation of second messengers (e.g., cyclic nucleotides, adenine and guanine nucleotides, soluble lipid messengers) and mobilization of calc...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2009-0022
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2003-0008
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past decade, possible advancement in timing of puberty has been reported in the United States. In addition, early pubertal development and an increased incidence of sexual precocity have been noticed in children, primarily girls, migrating for foreign adoption in several Western European countries. These ob...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0019
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Excess body weight is associated not only with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also with various types of malignancies. Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by adipose tissue, exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, proapoptotic, and antipro...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2011-1015
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2001-7002
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00191
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0005
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2018-00066
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2014-1034
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure i...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00164
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditio...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2013-1009
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repe...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2010-0013
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a chronic, low-level, inflammatory state. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin action were initially proposed as the common preceding factors of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose tolerance, linki...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0010
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2015-1104
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk f...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0034
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is i...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2007-0014
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00220
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We applied decision analysis to the controversy over the management of the solitary nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Three standard management plans were considered: immediate subtotal thyroidectomy; a six month trial of thyroid suppression with L-thyroxine, with non-suppressible lesions being removed surgically; and as...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-5-2-185
更新日期:1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00167
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0028
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells from the chorionic girdle of the equine trophoblast invade the maternal endometrium at day 36 of gestation and become established as secretory elements known as the endometrial cups. These structures, which persist for 40-60 days, produce a gonadotropin which can be found in circulation until about day 130 of ge...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-12-1-27
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2007-0004
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in the housebound and in geriatric patients. The establishment of strict diagnostic criteria is hampered by differences in assay methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin under influence of UV light decreases with aging due to ins...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0033
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0019
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin signaling plays a physiological role in traditional insulin target tissues controlling glucose homeostasis as well as in pancreatic β-cells and in the endothelium. Insulin signaling abnormalities may, therefore, be pathogenic for insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, endothelial dysfunction, and even...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2011-1042
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00