Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome.

abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy KG,Dhillo WS,Bloom SR

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the "Mighty Mouse" over a decade ago spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The myostatin-null genotype produces "double muscling" in mice and livestock and was recently described in a child. The field's rapid growth is by no mea...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rodgers BD,Garikipati DK

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rosenfield RL,Ehrmann DA

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons involved in this neuroendocrine process are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus an...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fekete C,Lechan RM

更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VD...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Bouillon R,Carmeliet G,Verlinden L,van Etten E,Verstuyf A,Luderer HF,Lieben L,Mathieu C,Demay M

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ghosh P,Sahoo R,Vaidya A,Chorev M,Halperin JA

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycation gap (GGap) and the similar hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) define consistent differences between glycated hemoglobin and actual glycemia derived from fructosamine or mean blood glucose, respectively. Such a disparity may be found in a substantial proportion of people with diabetes, being >1 U of glycate...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Nayak AU,Singh BM,Dunmore SJ

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Miller WL,Auchus RJ

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal reproductive function in mammals requires precise control of LH synthesis and secretion by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Synthesis of LH requires expression of two genes [alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) and LHbeta] located on different chromosomes. Hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads modul...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Jorgensen JS,Quirk CC,Nilson JH

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related but genetically distinct hormones/paracrine factors that regulate blood volume, blood pressure, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, fat metabolism, and long bone growth. The mammalian members are atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic pepti...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Potter LR,Abbey-Hosch S,Dickey DM

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into the lower abdominal cavity. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Bulun SE,Yilmaz BD,Sison C,Miyazaki K,Bernardi L,Liu S,Kohlmeier A,Yin P,Milad M,Wei J

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Curry TE Jr,Osteen KG

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The integrity of the Tg structure as a protein is essential for adequate synthesis of thyroid hormone. Also a large supply of iodine and of thyroid hormone is stored into the Tg molecule and available for secretion on demand. Mutations in Tg gene or hyposialylated Tg due to a defective sialyltransferase activity would...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Medeiros-Neto G,Targovnik HM,Vassart G

更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We applied decision analysis to the controversy over the management of the solitary nonfunctioning thyroid nodule. Three standard management plans were considered: immediate subtotal thyroidectomy; a six month trial of thyroid suppression with L-thyroxine, with non-suppressible lesions being removed surgically; and as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Molitch ME,Beck JR,Dreisman M,Gottlieb JE,Pauker SG

更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kloos RT,Gross MD,Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PRL and GH are hormones with a wide spectrum of actions. Specific receptors are widely distributed in a number of classical target organs, but other tissues that are not known targets also contain measurable binding sites or receptor mRNA. The most likely explanation is that PRL and GH cause effects that have not yet ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kelly PA,Djiane J,Postel-Vinay MC,Edery M

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several components of the GH axis are involved in tumor progression, and GH-induced intracellular signaling has been strongly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in genome-wide association studies. In the general population, high IGF-I levels and low IGF-binding protein-3 levels within the normal range are as...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Boguszewski CL,Boguszewski MCDS

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goffin V,Bernichtein S,Touraine P,Kelly PA

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Wang W,Chen ZJ,Myatt L,Sun K

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Köhrle J,Jakob F,Contempré B,Dumont JE

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Corbin KD,Driscoll KA,Pratley RE,Smith SR,Maahs DM,Mayer-Davis EJ,Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Trujillo ME,Scherer PE

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid effects of steroid hormones result from the actions of specific receptors localized most often to the plasma membrane. Fast-acting membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) leads to the modification of existing proteins and cell behaviors. Rapid steroid-triggered signaling through calcium, amine release, and k...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Hammes SR,Levin ER

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well known that GH is important in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth. Its role in the regulation of bone metabolism in man has not been understood until recently. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that GH is important in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. In ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ohlsson C,Bengtsson BA,Isaksson OG,Andreassen TT,Slootweg MC

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Rose DP,Haffner SM,Baillargeon J

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, ovarian tissue cryopreservation has rapidly developed as a successful method for preserving the fertility of girls and young women with cancer or benign conditions requiring gonadotoxic therapy, and is now becoming widely recognized as an effective alternative to oocyte and embryo freezing when not fe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Grosbois J,Devos M,Demeestere I

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper has reviewed current knowledge of clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations of extracranial GRH-producing tumors. Excessive GRH release stimulates pituitary somatotrophs causing elevation of blood GH levels and acromegaly. In some patients with GRH-containing tumor, blood GH concentrations are...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sano T,Asa SL,Kovacs K

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Russo VC,Gluckman PD,Feldman EL,Werther GA

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Vanderschueren D,Vandenput L,Boonen S,Lindberg MK,Bouillon R,Ohlsson C

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00