Abstract:
:In recent years, much interest has been devoted to defining the role of the IGF system in the nervous system. The ubiquitous IGFs, their cell membrane receptors, and their carrier binding proteins, the IGFBPs, are expressed early in the development of the nervous system and are therefore considered to play a key role in these processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the IGF system promotes differentiation and proliferation and sustains survival, preventing apoptosis of neuronal and brain derived cells. Furthermore, studies of transgenic mice overexpressing components of the IGF system or mice with disruptions of the same genes have clearly shown that the IGF system plays a key role in vivo.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Russo VC,Gluckman PD,Feldman EL,Werther GAdoi
10.1210/er.2004-0024subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-12-01 00:00:00pages
916-43issue
7eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189pii
er.2004-0024journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::It is well known that GH is important in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth. Its role in the regulation of bone metabolism in man has not been understood until recently. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that GH is important in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. In ...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv.19.1.0324
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related but genetically distinct hormones/paracrine factors that regulate blood volume, blood pressure, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, fat metabolism, and long bone growth. The mammalian members are atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic pepti...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2005-0014
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into the lower abdominal cavity. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pe...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2018-00242
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basi...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-14-1-107
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin signaling plays a physiological role in traditional insulin target tissues controlling glucose homeostasis as well as in pancreatic β-cells and in the endothelium. Insulin signaling abnormalities may, therefore, be pathogenic for insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, endothelial dysfunction, and even...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2011-1042
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women, varies substantially in incidence and mortality according to race and ethnicity in the United States. Although the overall incidence of breast cancer among African-American (AA) women is lower than in white American women, this can...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0019
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) with inhibitory antibodies has demonstrated effective and durable antitumor ac...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00167
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a relatively poorly understood class of RNAs with little or no coding capacity transcribed from a set of incompletely annotated genes. They have received considerable attention in the past few years and are emerging as potentially important players in biological regulation. Here we di...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2014-1034
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0033
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00220
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper has reviewed current knowledge of clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations of extracranial GRH-producing tumors. Excessive GRH release stimulates pituitary somatotrophs causing elevation of blood GH levels and acromegaly. In some patients with GRH-containing tumor, blood GH concentrations are...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-9-3-357
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae assoc...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2007-0025
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2014-1099
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid effects of steroid hormones result from the actions of specific receptors localized most often to the plasma membrane. Fast-acting membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) leads to the modification of existing proteins and cell behaviors. Rapid steroid-triggered signaling through calcium, amine release, and k...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2007-0022
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-16-4-460
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, which includes TGF-betas, growth differentiation factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, are synthesized as prepropeptide precursors and then processed and secreted as homodimers or heterodimers. Most ligands of the...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0003
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells from the chorionic girdle of the equine trophoblast invade the maternal endometrium at day 36 of gestation and become established as secretory elements known as the endometrial cups. These structures, which persist for 40-60 days, produce a gonadotropin which can be found in circulation until about day 130 of ge...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv-12-1-27
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Eur...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2009-0011
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2017-00191
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2006-0028
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2002-0005
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin degradation is a regulated process that plays a role in controlling insulin action by removing and inactivating the hormone. Abnormalities in insulin clearance and degradation are present in various pathological conditions including type 2 diabetes and obesity and may be important in producing clinical problem...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/edrv.19.5.0349
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal reproductive function in mammals requires precise control of LH synthesis and secretion by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Synthesis of LH requires expression of two genes [alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) and LHbeta] located on different chromosomes. Hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads modul...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2003-0029
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa006
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons involved in this neuroendocrine process are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus an...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2013-1087
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In human beings, two forms of GnRH, termed GnRH-I and GnRH-II, encoded by separate genes have been identified. Although these hormones share comparable cDNA and genomic structures, their tissue distribution and regulation of gene expression are significantly dissimilar. The actions of GnRH are mediated by the GnRH rec...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2003-0039
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D], can now be better evaluated by critical analysis of mice with engineered deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VD...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2008-0004
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a large body of literature showing that prolactin (PRL) exerts growth-promoting activities in breast cancer, and possibly in prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In addition, increasing evidence argues for the involvement of locally produced (autocrine) PRL, perhaps even more than pituitary-secreted (end...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2004-0016
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past few years have provided substantial evidence for the vital role of the local tumor microenvironment for various aspects of tumor progression. With obesity and its pathophysiological sequelae still on the rise, the adipocyte is increasingly moving center stage in the context of tumor stroma-related studies. To...
journal_title:Endocrine reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1210/er.2010-0030
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00