Abstract：
:The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basis for this review. Classical AITD (i.e. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) has been shown to be associated with a variety of infectious agents (e.g. Yersinia enterocolitica, retroviruses) while infections of the thyroid gland (e.g. subacute thyroiditis, congenital rubella) have been shown to be associated with thyroid autoimmune phenomena. However, the causative role of infectious agents in AITD has not been definitively demonstrated in humans although AITD can be induced in experimental animals by certain viral infections. Infectious agents may induce thyroid autoimmunity by a variety of diverse mechanisms, such as inducing modifications of self-antigens, mimicking self-molecules, inducing polyclonal T cell activation (for example by superantigens), altering the idiotypic network, forming immune complexes, and inducing expression of MHC molecules on thyroid epithelial cells. While indirect data suggesting involvement of the infecting organisms in the pathogenesis of human AITD is abundant, only a limited number of studies have employed direct approaches. Such a direct approach would involve isolation or molecular identification of the potentially infecting organisms from the thyroid gland and the subsequent induction of AITD in an experimental model.
journal_name
Endocr Revjournal_title
Endocrine reviewsauthors
Tomer Y,Davies TFdoi
10.1210/edrv-14-1-107subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-02-01 00:00:00pages
107-20issue
1eissn
0163-769Xissn
1945-7189journal_volume
14pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other "nontraditional" risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk f...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0034
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct "miniorgans," adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2006-0033
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1210/endrev/bnaa020
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00103
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2011-1015
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0013
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2009-0011
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2001-0034
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2007-0014
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0019
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0003
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal imbalance between resorption and formation by prolonging the lifespan of osteoclasts and shortening the lifespan of osteoblasts. Conversely, androge...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2003-0003
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0013
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-6-1-87
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00167
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1210/endrev/bnaa006
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00220
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0012
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2009-0022
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In humans and other mammalian species, the pool of resting primordial follicles serves as the source of developing follicles and fertilizable ova for the entire length of female reproductive life. One question that has intrigued biologists is: what are the mechanisms controlling the activation of dormant primordial fo...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2008-0048
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2014-1099
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2002-0005
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2018-00066
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2017-00188
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2000-0035
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hormones and cytokines regulate many cellular functions by activating the ubiquitous cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A kinase) system. Newly synthesized cAMP molecules bind to regulatory (R) subunits in A kinase holoenzymes, causing them to release their catalytic (C) subunits. These free C subunits then phosphorylate ...
journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/edrv-14-5-632
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Endocrine reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1210/er.2010-0009
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
