Endocrine parameters and phenotypes of the growth hormone receptor gene disrupted (GHR-/-) mouse.

abstract：:Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Goldfine ID,Maddux BA,Youngren JF,Reaven G,Accili D,Trischitta V,Vigneri R,Frittitta L

更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy dramatically affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to increased circulating cortisol and ACTH levels during gestation, reaching values in the range seen in Cushing's syndrome (CS). The cause(s) of increased ACTH may include placental synthesis and release of biologically active CRH and ACTH...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Eur...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Zimmermann MB

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, which includes TGF-betas, growth differentiation factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, inhibins, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, are synthesized as prepropeptide precursors and then processed and secreted as homodimers or heterodimers. Most ligands of the...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chang H,Brown CW,Matzuk MM

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditio...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Foster BL,Nociti FH Jr,Somerman MJ

更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The etiology of the AITDs remains unclear but it is now generally believed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Some recent findings have begun to directly and indirectly implicate the possibility of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of AITD, and these data serve as the basi...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Tomer Y,Davies TF

更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The integrity of the Tg structure as a protein is essential for adequate synthesis of thyroid hormone. Also a large supply of iodine and of thyroid hormone is stored into the Tg molecule and available for secretion on demand. Mutations in Tg gene or hyposialylated Tg due to a defective sialyltransferase activity would...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Medeiros-Neto G,Targovnik HM,Vassart G

更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly, especially in the housebound and in geriatric patients. The establishment of strict diagnostic criteria is hampered by differences in assay methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin under influence of UV light decreases with aging due to ins...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Lips P

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bile acids derived from cholesterol and oxysterols derived from cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways are signaling molecules that regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. Many nuclear receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Bile acids activate the farnesoid X...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Chiang JY

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or nonsyndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Srirangam Nadhamuni V,Korbonits M

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Skeletal homeostasis is determined by systemic hormones and local factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are unique because they induce the differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward cells of the osteoblastic lineage and also enhance the differentiated function of the osteoblast. However, the activity of BMPs nee...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Canalis E,Economides AN,Gazzerro E

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Independently, endocrinology, radiology, and nuclear medicine can not optimally differentiate the etiology of the incidental adrenal mass. Rather, the insight necessary for this task must be contributed by all three disciplines. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses are being detected at an increasing rate. This tren...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kloos RT,Gross MD,Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B

更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ovary and uterus undergo extensive tissue remodeling throughout each reproductive cycle. This remodeling of the extracellular environment is dependent upon the cyclic hormonal changes associated with each estrous or menstrual cycle. In the ovary, tissue remodeling is requisite for growth and expansion of the folli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Curry TE Jr,Osteen KG

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with type 1 diabetes in recent years. Although obesity has long been recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a catalyst for complications, much less is known about the role of obesity in the initiation and p...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Corbin KD,Driscoll KA,Pratley RE,Smith SR,Maahs DM,Mayer-Davis EJ,Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON).

更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repe...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Miller WL,Auchus RJ

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal development and function of the testis are controlled by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are growth factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in various tissues during normal and abnormal processes such as embryo development, wound healing, tiss...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Basciani S,Mariani S,Spera G,Gnessi L

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the islet beta-cell involves a sequence of metabolic events and an interplay between a wide range of signaling pathways leading to the generation of second messengers (e.g., cyclic nucleotides, adenine and guanine nucleotides, soluble lipid messengers) and mobilization of calc...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kowluru A

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gut hormones signal to the central nervous system to influence energy homeostasis. Evidence supports the existence of a system in the gut that senses the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract and signals to the brain via neural and endocrine mechanisms to regulate short-term appetite and satiety. Recent evide...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy KG,Dhillo WS,Bloom SR

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related but genetically distinct hormones/paracrine factors that regulate blood volume, blood pressure, ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, fat metabolism, and long bone growth. The mammalian members are atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic pepti...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Potter LR,Abbey-Hosch S,Dickey DM

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epitheli...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Mruk DD,Cheng CY

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize controlled trials examining the effect of calcium on bone density and fractures in postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCE:We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 1998 and the Cochrane Controlled Register up to 2000, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Shea B,Wells G,Cranney A,Zytaruk N,Robinson V,Griffith L,Ortiz Z,Peterson J,Adachi J,Tugwell P,Guyatt G,Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group.

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate m...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Kinoshita Y,Fukumoto S

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells from the chorionic girdle of the equine trophoblast invade the maternal endometrium at day 36 of gestation and become established as secretory elements known as the endometrial cups. These structures, which persist for 40-60 days, produce a gonadotropin which can be found in circulation until about day 130 of ge...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Murphy BD,Martinuk SD

更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in t...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Howard SR,Dunkel L

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper has reviewed current knowledge of clinical, biochemical, and morphological manifestations of extracranial GRH-producing tumors. Excessive GRH release stimulates pituitary somatotrophs causing elevation of blood GH levels and acromegaly. In some patients with GRH-containing tumor, blood GH concentrations are...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Sano T,Asa SL,Kovacs K

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Estrogens are essential for normal reproductive function. In addition, they exert important, complex, and diverse nonreproductive actions on multiple tissues. Although accumulating evidence from basic science studies using animal models suggests that estradiol plays a critical neuroprotective role against multiple typ...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Wise PM,Dubal DB,Rau SW,Brown CM,Suzuki S

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons involved in this neuroendocrine process are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus an...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Fekete C,Lechan RM

更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Excess body weight is associated not only with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also with various types of malignancies. Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by adipose tissue, exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, proapoptotic, and antipro...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Dalamaga M,Diakopoulos KN,Mantzoros CS

更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Ardestani A,Maedler K

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure i...

journal_title：Endocrine reviews

authors： Richards JS,Ren YA,Candelaria N,Adams JE,Rajkovic A

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00