Expressed major histocompatibility complex class II loci in fishes.

abstract：:Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestine...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Brazil JC,Parkos CA

更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:BCL6 is a transcriptional repressor required in mature B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction. Multiple mechanisms act coordinately to timely modulate BCL6 expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. BCL6 prevents premature activation and differentiation of GC B cells and provides an envir...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Basso K,Dalla-Favera R

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The H-2 restricted nature of the cytotoxic T cell responses to the HY antigen in mice has been reviewed, together with mapping data for the H-2 K and/or D association of responses to male cells of the following haplotypes: H-2b, H-2d, H-2k, H-2s. Ir gene complementation is implicated in the HY response of a number of ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Simpson E,Gordon RD

更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The pattern of polymorphisms at MHC loci was studied by computer simulations and by DNA sequence analyses, with special reference to synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among alleles. A model of overdominance plus short-term selection was simulated for a gene family with allelic and non-allelic gene conversion. I...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ohta T

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-human primate (NHP) models, especially involving macaques, are considered important models of human immunity and have been essential in preclinical testing for vaccines and therapeutics. Despite this, much less characterization of macaque Fc receptors has occurred compared to humans or mice. Much of the characteri...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chenoweth AM,Trist HM,Tan PS,Wines BD,Hogarth PM

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells (derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes [PBL], lymph nodes or tumor tissues and restimulated with autologous tumor cells and expanded in interleukin-2 [IL-2]), when cloned, produce three functional classes of clone. Class I T-cell clones exhibit the phenotype of alpha/beta cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Mukherji B,Chakraborty NG,Sivanandham M

更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vaccines or early childhood exposure to infection mediate immunity, that is, improved resistance against disease and death caused by a second infection with the same agent. This has been explained by and equaled to immunological memory, that is, an "altered immune system behavior" that is maintained in a presumably an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zinkernagel RM

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The regulation of immunological tolerance is considered from the perspective of contextual discrimination, rather than self-nonself discrimination. According to the adaptive lymphocyte hypothesis, the scale of immune aggression versus tolerance can be regulated at the cell population level, but individual cells also t...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Grossman Z

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:αβ T cells are an integral part of protective immunity against pathogens. After precursor cells arise in the adult bone marrow or fetal liver, they migrate to the thymus where they rearrange their T-cell receptor genes (TCR) and undergo selection on the basis of their interactions with ligands expressed by thymic stro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Su LF,Davis MM

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determination of the crystal structure of class II: peptide complexes has shown that in addition to pocket interactions involving the side chains of the peptide, peptide binding to MHC class II molecules is characterized by a series of hydrogen bonds which are contributed by genetically conserved amino acid residues i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Sant AJ,Beeson C,McFarland B,Cao J,Ceman S,Bryant PW,Wu S

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophages play essential roles in tissue homeostasis, pathogen elimination, and tissue repair. A defining characteristic of these cells is their ability to efficiently adapt to a variety of abruptly changing and complex environments. This ability is intrinsically linked to a capacity to quickly alter their transcrip...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gosselin D,Glass CK

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, comple...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hasenberg M,Stegemann-Koniszewski S,Gunzer M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Man SM,Kanneganti TD

更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we briefly cover the critical requirements for interleukin-7 (IL-7) in thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Part of the IL-7 effect is antiapoptotic or 'trophic' and we have studied the intracellular pathways involved in lymphocyte survival and death regulated by this cytokine. We r...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Khaled AR,Durum SK

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Klein U,Goossens T,Fischer M,Kanzler H,Braeuninger A,Rajewsky K,Küppers R

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (PCs). Nearly 40% of MM tumors have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations involving four recurrent chromosomal loci (oncogenes): 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (MMSET and FGFR3), and 16q23 (c-maf). Other MM tumors have Ig translocations...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Bergsagel PL,Kuehl WM

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved from a Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitor pool into one of the most successful and widespread human pathogens. The pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis is linked to its ability to secrete/export/release selected mycobacterial proteins, and it is also established that active relea...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Majlessi L,Prados-Rosales R,Casadevall A,Brosch R

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus infection is still one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, with a disproportionate human and economic burden especially in poorer countries. Despite many years of intense research, an aspect that still is not well understood is what (immune) mechanisms con...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Cardozo EF,Apetrei C,Pandrea I,Ribeiro RM

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hordvik I

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells that escape negative selection in the thymus must be inactivated or eliminated in the periphery through a series of mechanisms that include the induction of anergy, dominant suppression by regulatory T cells, and peripheral deletion of self-reactive T cells. Calcium signaling plays a central role in the inductio...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Baine I,Abe BT,Macian F

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracell...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Weiss G,Schaible UE

更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays important roles in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens. Mammalian complement consists of the classical (antibody-dependent), the alternative (antibody-independent) and the lectin (triggered by mannose-binding lectin) pathways of activation...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Nakao M,Yano T

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Therapeutic efficacy of depleting B cells or blocking T-cell costimulation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has confirmed the critical pathogenic role of adaptive immune responses. Yet, RA preferentially affects elderly individuals, in whom adaptive immunity to exogenous antigens begins to fail. Here, we propose that sene...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Goronzy JJ,Weyand CM

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Andrade F

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review discusses situations when the magnitude and function of immune responses to virus infection are influenced by regulatory T cells (Tregs). The focus is on CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3+ natural Tregs (nTregs). The immune response may be limited in magnitude and efficacy when animals with normal nTreg fu...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rouse BT,Sarangi PP,Suvas S

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Jabri B,Ebert E

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both inn...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Grencis RK,Humphreys NE,Bancroft AJ

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations a...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Quatrini L,Vivier E,Ugolini S

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nuclear hormone receptor retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) induces a pro-inflammatory program in lymphoid cells, culminating in the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, IL-22, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor. During ontogeny, the first type of cells expre...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Eberl G

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past two decades, structural biology has shown how T-cell receptors engage peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes and provided insight into the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity and cross-reactivity. Here we review and contextualize our contributions, which have emphasized the influe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Baker BM,Scott DR,Blevins SJ,Hawse WF

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00