Abstract：
:Human immunodeficiency virus infection is still one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, with a disproportionate human and economic burden especially in poorer countries. Despite many years of intense research, an aspect that still is not well understood is what (immune) mechanisms control the viral load during the prolonged asymptomatic stage of infection. Because CD8+ T cells have been implicated in this control by multiple lines of evidence, there has been a focus on understanding the potential mechanisms of action of this immune effector population. One type of experiment used to this end has been depleting these cells with monoclonal antibodies in the simian immunodeficiency virus-macaque model and then studying the effect of that depletion on the viral dynamics. Here we review what these experiments have told us. We emphasize modeling studies to interpret the changes in viral load observed in these experiments, including discussion of alternative models, assumptions and interpretations, as well as potential future experiments.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Cardozo EF,Apetrei C,Pandrea I,Ribeiro RMdoi
10.1111/imr.12691subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-09-01 00:00:00pages
26-37issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
285pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The Shc adapter family includes four members that are expressed as multiple isoforms and participate in signaling by a variety of cell-surface receptors. The biological relevance of Shc proteins as well as their variegated function, which relies on their highly conserved modular structure, is underscored by the distin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00826.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding how the integrins on leukocytes operate is important because these receptors control the activity of leukocytes in all phases of their lives. Thus integrins control leukocyte development and maturation in bone marrow, the circulation of naive cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, e.g. the lymph nodes, and ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18614.x
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00909.x
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malaria, caused by the infection with parasites of the germs Plasmodium, is one of the three most important infectious diseases worldwide, along with tuberculosis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes classically involved in the early defense against viral infection...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00446.x
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies in the last 20 years have given us a remarkable insight into the functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages which reflects their integral role in host defence, homeostasis and pathogenesis. Mouse genetics, transcriptomic and epigenetic studies have provided an ontogenic and molecular perspective to the...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12603
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells of the monocyte/macrophage system originate from the bone marrow, reach the organs via the blood, immigrate through postcapillary venules and further differentiate into organ-specific tissue macrophages. In rats and other species, activated monocytes/macrophages aggravate autoimmune reactions, rejection of non-v...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840104.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aged animals and humans exhibit a decreased T-cell activation response although they also exhibit increased susceptibility to responses to self-antigens and a loss of self-tolerance. The age-related alteration in T-cell reactivity, polyclonal expansion of T cells, and enhanced production of autoantibodies may reflect ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00270.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunologists working in the field of autoimmunity tend to concentrate all their efforts on the elucidation of possible malfunctions of the immune system, particularly pathologic changes of immune regulation. Also in the OS model various groups of investigators emphasized this approach, although it was already clear e...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01167.x
更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nutritional status has been indicated as a contributing factor to age-related dysregulation of the immune response. Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin, is important for normal function of the immune cells. The elderly are at a greater risk for vitamin E intake that is lower than recommended levels. Vitamin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses have often been associated with autoimmune diseases. One mechanism by which self-destruction can be triggered is molecular mimicry. Many examples of cross-reactive immune responses between pathogens and self-antigens have been described. This review presents two transgenic models of autoimmune disease induced ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00913.x
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The substantial importance of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) in leukocyte trafficking has continued to emerge beyond its initial identification as a selectin ligand. PSGL-1 seemed to be a relatively simple molecule with an extracellular mucin domain extended as a flexible rod, teleologically consistent with...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00797.x
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycle, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force, but display variable substrate rigidities to the blood and lymphati...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12122
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) contains at least 26 genes which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily The genes include two clusters of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR)/monocyte-macrophage inhibitory receptor (MIR) loci, a cluster of killer cell inhibitor...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1810103.x
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. Here, we review recent work on experimental African trypanosomiasis, especially infections with Trypanosoma congolense,...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00675.x
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:This volume covers many topics in the field of T-cell costimulation. The need for such a volume is testament to the growth of the field. From its beginning as a concept in the 1980s, we have now progressed to the point where many molecules now have functionally defined roles in T-cell costimulation. In addition...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00780.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both inn...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12188
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leishmania major infections induce the development of a CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) response that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life-long immunity to reinfection. How that immunity is maintained is unknown, although because of the existence of infection-induced immunity, there has been an ass...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-cell development primarily occurs in the thymus and involves in the interactions of many important transcription factors. Until recently, no single transcription factor has been identified to be essential for T-cell lineage commitment or maintenance of T-cell identity. Recent studies have now identified the zinc fin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00953.x
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells determines survival, coordinates responses to pathogens, and, when dysregulated, leads to loss of self-tolerance and autoimmunity. At the T-cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins interact with galectins via their N-glycans, forming a molecular lattice that regulate...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00796.x
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies of the regulation of gene expression historically focused on transcription. However, during stress and apoptosis, profound gene expression changes occur more rapidly and globally than is possible by regulating transcription. Posttranscriptional changes in mRNA processing and translation in response to diverse ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12052
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00481.x
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:B7-H3 and B7-H4 belong to a new class of immune regulatory molecules, which primarily execute their functions in peripheral tissues to fine tune immune responses in target organs. In normal circumstances, while the mRNA for both molecules is broadly distributed, tight control at the post-transcriptional level i...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00768.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A detailed analysis of the genes and proteins that participate in the murine immune response to PC has provided key insights at the structural level into the phenomenon of somatic mutation in B cells. Most anti-PC antibodies are encoded by 1 VH gene of the S107 subfamily, and 3 VK genes, VKT15 of the VK22 subfamily, V...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb00509.x
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to engineer the antibody molecule has now progressed to the stage where one can realistically contemplate creating a pharmacologically useful targeting molecule comprising a single-chain, minimal antibody combining site together with a domain that imparts a second functionality. It will certainly be possib...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb01526.x
更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The co-evolution of papillomaviruses (PV) and their mammalian hosts has produced mechanisms by which PV might avoid specific and non-specific host immune responses. Low level expression of PV proteins in infected basal epithelial cells, together with an absence of inflammation and of virus-induced cell lysis, restrict...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01288.x
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vertebrate immune system has evolved to deal with parasitic life forms, so it is hardly surprising that experiments with pathogens have proved illuminating for immunology. Those of us who have worked for years with infectious processes are acutely conscious that we do little more than probe the vast 'experiment of...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18505.x
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ikaros zinc finger transcription factors are important regulators of the gene programs underlying the development of hematopoietic cell lineages. The family consists of five members: Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos, Eos, and Pegasus, which engage in both homo- and heterotypic intrafamilial interactions to exert diverse functio...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12936
更新日期：2020-12-17 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:Integrins are adhesion receptors important for hematopoiesis, leukocyte trafficking, and formation of immunological synapses; hence, they may provide targets for therapeutic intervention in leukocyte-driven pathologies. Blocking integrin-ligand binding is one strategy for inhibiting integrins; however, a comple...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00640.x
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromoso...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00161.x
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
