Engineered antibodies as pharmacological tools.

abstract：:NK cells express receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules that inhibit killing of potential target cells bearing appropriate class I allotypes. Here we review the membrane receptors on human NK cells that are known to initiate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and demonstrate regulation of these responses by the kille...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lanier LL,Corliss B,Phillips JH

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：SUMMARY:African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. Here, we review recent work on experimental African trypanosomiasis, especially infections with Trypanosoma congolense,...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tabel H,Wei G,Shi M

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 20 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of natural killer (NK) cells. It has become clear that NK cells are regulated by a number of receptors with opposite functions that finely tune potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines that play a major role ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Moretta A,Locatelli F,Moretta L

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate negative selection at a relatively late stage of the T-cell developmental pathway. We present evidence that the development of thymic DC and of T-lineage cells is linked via a common precursor at an early stage of thymocyte development. T-lineage precursor populations from the adult...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Shortman K,Vremec D,Corcoran LM,Georgopoulos K,Lucas K,Wu L

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The response to pathogens and damage in plants and animals involves a series of carefully orchestrated, highly evolved, molecular mechanisms resulting in pathogen resistance and wound healing. In metazoans, damage- or pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs, PAMPs) execute precise intracellular tasks an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lotze MT,Zeh HJ,Rubartelli A,Sparvero LJ,Amoscato AA,Washburn NR,Devera ME,Liang X,Tör M,Billiar T

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zanetti M,Castiglioni P,Rizzi M,Wheeler M,Gerloni M

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last decade, the paradigm of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) as rare recessive familial diseases that lead to broad, severe, and early-onset immunological defects has shifted toward collectively more common, but sporadic autosomal dominantly inherited isolated defects in the immune response. Patients with PID...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： van der Made CI,Hoischen A,Netea MG,van de Veerdonk FL

更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitric oxide, are produced in cells by a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. At high levels, both types of oxidants are used to kill ingested organisms within phagocytes. At low levels, RNOS may diffuse outside cells whe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Swindle EJ,Metcalfe DD

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A successful immune response depends on the migration of lymphocytes into lymph nodes or inflamed tissues where they make contact with antigen-presenting cells. We are interested in how one member of the integrin family, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), controls the function and, in particular, the mig...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Smith A,Stanley P,Jones K,Svensson L,McDowall A,Hogg N

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Castro CD,Luoma AM,Adams EJ

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Increasing evidence suggests that mast cells (MCs), in addition to acute allergic reactions, are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and in particular in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MCs reside in connective tissues and in synovial tissue of joints. They produce an array of proinflammatory medi...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Eklund KK

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The preceding paragraphs describe several uses of specific antibodies to IL-1. Standard radioimmunoassays and ELISA procedures were developed with demonstrated utility in studies attempting to quantitate the cytokine in cell culture fluids. In part, antibody-based assays circumvent the problems associated with bioassa...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gaffney EV,Anderson AE,Pfanenstiel YT,Koch GA

更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Andrade F

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both inn...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Grencis RK,Humphreys NE,Bancroft AJ

更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The general thrust of this volume is to review the roles of accessory cells in regulating T and B lymphocytes. To that end, we have summarized the evidence that indicates the crucial role that Langerhans cells play in the induction and expression of immunity to antigens that gain access to, or arise within, skin. Lang...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Streilein JW,Grammer SF,Yoshikawa T,Demidem A,Vermeer M

更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:IgG dimers occurring in therapeutic Ig preparations have been characterized as Id-anti-Id, in that the sites of interaction are localized to the distal tips of the Fab arms. The observation that such dimers are prevalent in Ig or Igi.v. prepared from large plasma pools, but absent in preparations from a single individ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Tankersley DL

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recurrence in the V-gene repertoire of individual germline VH genes can now be extended from the restricted B-cell populations of the fetus, autoantibodies and B-cell malignancies to the expressed V-gene repertoire of normal adults. Why the human B cell preferentially utilizes these individual VH genes remains spe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Stewart AK,Huang C,Long AA,Stollar BD,Schwartz RS

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and evasion of the antitumor effector immune response are two of the emerging hallmarks required for oncogenesis and cancer progression. The innate immune system not only plays a critical role in perpetuating these tumor-promoting hallmarks but also in developing anti...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Berraondo P,Minute L,Ajona D,Corrales L,Melero I,Pio R

更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immature and transitional immature B-cell stages define an important window in B-cell development, as it is at this point that cells committed to the B-cell lineage first express the clonotypic B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and cells expressing self-reactive specificities may be identified and eliminated. The intr...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： King LB,Monroe JG

更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rohde K,Yates RM,Purdy GE,Russell DG

更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-human primate (NHP) models, especially involving macaques, are considered important models of human immunity and have been essential in preclinical testing for vaccines and therapeutics. Despite this, much less characterization of macaque Fc receptors has occurred compared to humans or mice. Much of the characteri...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chenoweth AM,Trist HM,Tan PS,Wines BD,Hogarth PM

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Newfound relatives of the classical Fc receptors (FcR) have been provisionally named the Fc receptor homologs (FcRH). The recent identification of eight human and six mouse FcRH genes substantially increases the size and functional potential of the FcR family. The extended family of FcR and FcRH genes spans approximat...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Davis RS,Dennis G Jr,Odom MR,Gibson AW,Kimberly RP,Burrows PD,Cooper MD

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:After more than a decade of intensive research, the precise role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in determining the course of the infection remains open to argument. It is established that HIV-specific CTL appear early in the infection and are temporally associated with the...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Goulder P,Price D,Nowak M,Rowland-Jones S,Phillips R,McMichael A

更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The scale and scope of the global epidemic, coupled to challenges with traditional vaccine development approaches, point toward a need for novel methodologies for HIV vaccine research. While the development of vaccines able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies remains the ultimate goal, to date, vaccines continue...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Ackerman ME,Barouch DH,Alter G

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune response...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Akalu YT,Rothlin CV,Ghosh S

更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycle, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force, but display variable substrate rigidities to the blood and lymphati...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chen W,Zhu C

更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are two distinct pathways by which T cells may recognize MHC alloantigens. The direct pathway involves T-cell recognition of intact MHC molecules expressed by donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The second, or indirect, pathway describes T-cell recognition of peptides derived from the processing and presentat...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Suciu-Foca N,Harris PE,Cortesini R

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune response. NLRs act as scaffolding proteins that assemble signaling platforms that trigger nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated pro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Franchi L,Warner N,Viani K,Nuñez G

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Noncanonical K63-linked polyubiquitination plays a key regulatory role in NF-κB signaling pathways by functioning as a scaffold to recruit kinase complexes containing ubiquitin-binding domains. Ubiquitination is balanced by ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Harhaj EW,Dixit VM

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse subset of innate immune cells that are key regulators of the host response to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 directly and indirectly modulates DC function to hinder the formation of effective antiviral immunity and fuel immune activation. This review focuses...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Miller E,Bhardwaj N

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00