Abstract:
:IgG dimers occurring in therapeutic Ig preparations have been characterized as Id-anti-Id, in that the sites of interaction are localized to the distal tips of the Fab arms. The observation that such dimers are prevalent in Ig or Igi.v. prepared from large plasma pools, but absent in preparations from a single individual, supports the notion that the individual immune repertoire is small with respect to the species repertoire. A crude mathematical model that attempts to relate Id-dimer content to the number of donors is presented. This model suggests that Id-pairs may be much more prevalent in Ig than is reflected by the Id-dimer content, inasmuch as the concentrations of the individual Ids and anti-Ids may limit the equilibrium level of dimer. The model further suggests that the antibody diversity in Ig derived from thousands of donors may be representative of the species repertoire; hence, virtually all specificities, including anti-Id specificities, will be included. Because Ig is derived from normal healthy donors, it should be relatively free of pathogenic autoantibodies. However, there is no reason to suspect that anti-Ids to such autoantibodies would not occur, and indeed the presence of such anti-Ids has been demonstrated. Several mechanisms have been proposed by which such anti-Ids might ameliorate autoimmune disease. They may directly inhibit the binding of autoantibody to its target antigen, or they may target for destruction those cells expressing or secreting autoantibody. It may well be that anti-Ids play no role in the mechanism of action of Igi.v. in autoimmune disease. Such appears to have been demonstrated, for example, in the treatment of ITP. There is an obvious need for additional studies in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of Igi.v. in various autoimmune diseases. Experimental animal models of autoimmune disease, such as the mouse model for systemic lupus erythematosus (Mozes et al. 1993), might be very useful in this regard. Finally, it needs to be emphasized that the usefulness of high doses of Igi.v. in many autoimmune diseases remains to be established by controlled clinical trials. Because Igi.v. is a limited resource, and one which cannot be produced through biotechnological advances (at least in the foreseeable future), its widespread use should be restricted to the treatment of diseases for which efficacy has been demonstrated. To do otherwise might deprive appropriate patients of a valuable therapy.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Tankersley DLdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00861.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-06-01 00:00:00pages
159-72eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
139pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:SUMMARY:African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immunosuppression. Here, we review recent work on experimental African trypanosomiasis, especially infections with Trypanosoma congolense,...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00675.x
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pattern of polymorphisms at MHC loci was studied by computer simulations and by DNA sequence analyses, with special reference to synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among alleles. A model of overdominance plus short-term selection was simulated for a gene family with allelic and non-allelic gene conversion. I...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01401.x
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, comple...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12020
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12327
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00481.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the most toxic insults a cell can incur is a disruption of its linear DNA in the form of a double-strand break (DSB). Left unrepaired, or repaired improperly, these lesions can result in cell death or neoplastic transformation. Despite these dangers, lymphoid cells purposely introduce DSBs into their genome to ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00165.x
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive resp...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00906.x
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::As an essential mechanism for self-tolerance, immune suppression has attracted much attention since the discovery of suppressor T cells, now called regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the 1990s. Different types of Tregs have been described based on distinct expression patterns of surface markers and cytokines. Cytokines ar...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00407.x
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:SUMMARY:B7-H3 and B7-H4 belong to a new class of immune regulatory molecules, which primarily execute their functions in peripheral tissues to fine tune immune responses in target organs. In normal circumstances, while the mRNA for both molecules is broadly distributed, tight control at the post-transcriptional level i...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00768.x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tolerance for self has appeared incomplete for many self antigens. We have obtained experimental evidence that both for self heat shock proteins and T cell receptor V-gene products, reactive T cells are part of the normal immune repertoire. Furthermore, it has become apparent that stimulation of T cell responsiveness ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00899.x
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regulation of immunological tolerance is considered from the perspective of contextual discrimination, rather than self-nonself discrimination. According to the adaptive lymphocyte hypothesis, the scale of immune aggression versus tolerance can be regulated at the cell population level, but individual cells also t...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01509.x
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A byproduct of the largely stochastic generation of a diverse B-cell specificity repertoire is production of cells that recognize autoantigens. Indeed, recent studies indicate that more than half of the primary repertoire consists of autoreactive B cells that must be silenced to prevent autoimmunity. While this silenc...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00936.x
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The processes of T-cell development and activation employ similar immature and mature receptors as well as similar signal transduction pathways to achieve different outcomes. Many signaling molecules are shared between the receptor signaling pathways, including two families of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases, the...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01238.x
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations of the genes encoding T-cell receptor (TCR)-proximal signaling molecules, such as ZAP-70, can be causative of immunological diseases ranging from T-cell immunodeficiency to T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. For example, SKG mice, which carry a hypomorphic point mutation of the Zap-70 gene, spontaneously de...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12841
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The age-associated changes in humoral immunity affect the quality more than the quantity of the antibody response. Changes in the quality of the antibody response with age include shifts in antibody specificities from foreign to autoantigens, in antibody isotypes from IgG to IgM, in antibody affinities from high to lo...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01032.x
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::On the basis of cell surface markers, mature T cells are considered to have either a naïve or a memory phenotype. These cells exhibit distinct types of kinetic behaviour in vivo. While naïve-phenotype cells persist long term in a non-dividing state, memory-phenotype T cells include cycling cells and exhibit a more rap...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01327.x
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12537
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many tumors express antigens that can be specifically or selectively recognized by T lymphocytes, suggesting that T-cell-mediated immunity may be harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer. However, since tumors originate from normal cells and evolve within the context of self-tissues, the immune mechanisms that preven...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12166
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to its effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, estrogen has important impact on the immune system and on bone. It has also been evident that the effects of estrogen on bone to a large extent are mediated via its action on immune cells. Estrogen has a dichotomous impact on the immune system by d...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00326.x
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian Dok protein family has seven members (Dok-1-Dok-7). The Dok proteins share structural similarities characterized by the NH2-terminal pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domains followed by SH2 target motifs in the COOH-terminal moiety, indicating an adapter function. Indeed, Dok-1 was origina...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00844.x
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunity results from a complex interplay between the antigen-non-specific innate immune system and the antigen-specific adaptive immune system. The cells and molecules of the innate system employ non-clonal recognition receptors including lectins, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and helicases. B and T lympho...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00884.x
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used for more than 50 years to combat hematologic malignancies. In addition to being the first stem cell therapy, transplantation has provided evidence for the potent anti-tumor effects of T cells. Facilitating T-cell-based immunity against malignancies requires a caref...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12142
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pivotal discovery that two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, serve along with the T-cell receptor-interacting CD4 molecule as the principal co-receptors for HIV-1 entry stimulated a search for common genetic polymorphism in their genes which might affect the course of AIDS. Four mutational variants, CCR5-delta3...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.17710.x
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among various strategies to evade the host immune response, some viruses like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) interfere with surface MHC class I expression and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. The ability of natural killer (NK) cells to detect MHC class I molecules through inhibitory receptors can be envisaged as a...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1810116.x
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are essential for promoting normal intestinal physiology. While the majority of commensal bacteria are found in the intestinal lumen, many species have also adapted to colonize different anatomical locations in th...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12186
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::BCL6 is a transcriptional repressor required in mature B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction. Multiple mechanisms act coordinately to timely modulate BCL6 expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. BCL6 prevents premature activation and differentiation of GC B cells and provides an envir...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01112.x
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of the regulation of gene expression historically focused on transcription. However, during stress and apoptosis, profound gene expression changes occur more rapidly and globally than is possible by regulating transcription. Posttranscriptional changes in mRNA processing and translation in response to diverse ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12052
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endosomal pathway of antigen presentation leads to the display of peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules at the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The pathway involves two major steps, invariant chain degradation and antigen processing, which take place in the late endo...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00310.x
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been regarded as a proinflammatory cytokine because of its potent interferon-gamma-inducing activity. However, mutant mice that release excess amounts of IL-18 spontaneously develop pruritic chronic dermatitis-like atopic dermatitis (AD), suggesting the importance of IL-18 for the developmen...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00205.x
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00