Abstract:
:The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) contains at least 26 genes which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily The genes include two clusters of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR)/monocyte-macrophage inhibitory receptor (MIR) loci, a cluster of killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) genes, two leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor genes, as well as the Fc receptor for IgA and the natural cytotoxicity receptor I loci. It has already been postulated that these genes have evolved by multiple duplications, while the two ILT clusters are likely to have been generated by the inverse duplication of an ancient ILT cluster. To shed more light on the possible origin of the loci within the LRC, we have now investigated the presence of KIR and ILT loci in a variety of vertebrates by hybridizations and compared the genomic sequences of all ILT genes. Our results lead to the following conclusions: 1) the origin of KIR genes dates back to about 100 million years, but only primate and human KIRs are closely related; 2) in contrast, genes which are detectable with human ILT cDNAs are already found in birds, suggesting their presence already about 300 million years ago. Using the sequence data produced by the human genome project, we have developed a hypothesis that reconstructs the genesis of the two human ILT clusters in detail which will help to understand the function of the LRC.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Volz A,Wende H,Laun K,Ziegler Adoi
10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1810103.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-06-01 00:00:00pages
39-51eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
181pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The innate immune system is responsible for detecting microbial invasion of the cell and for stimulating host defense countermeasures. These anti-pathogen procedures include the transcriptional activation of powerful antiviral genes such as the type I interferons (IFNs) or the triggering of inflammatory responses thro...
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabete...
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更新日期:2021-01-07 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.790108.x
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review a novel strategy for tolerance induction developed in rhesus macaques and termed STEALTH. We summarize the evolution of the STEALTH model, the results of successful trials in inducing long-term, stable transplant tolerance in rhesus kidney and diabetic islet recipients and discuss information related to the ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版,评审
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更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01014.x
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18515.x
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable evidence that the conformation and stability of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is dependent upon high-affinity peptide ligation, but structural data for an empty MHC protein unfortunately is lacking. However, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specific...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00315.x
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00913.x
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12188
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00655.x
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments with transgenic mice illustrate clonal elimination of T cells specific for antigens expressed appropriately in the thymus, but presence of inducible T cells when the antigen presented on class I MHC antigens is expressed exclusively on non-lymphohemopoietic cells in the periphery (pancreatic beta islet cel...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00601.x
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00152.x
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunologists working in the field of autoimmunity tend to concentrate all their efforts on the elucidation of possible malfunctions of the immune system, particularly pathologic changes of immune regulation. Also in the OS model various groups of investigators emphasized this approach, although it was already clear e...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01167.x
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:SUMMARY:This volume covers many topics in the field of T-cell costimulation. The need for such a volume is testament to the growth of the field. From its beginning as a concept in the 1980s, we have now progressed to the point where many molecules now have functionally defined roles in T-cell costimulation. In addition...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00780.x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current regimens used to treat tuberculosis are largely comprised of serendipitously discovered drugs that are combined based on clinical experience. Despite curing millions, these drug regimens are limited by the long course of therapy, the emergence of resistance, and the persistent tissue damage that remains af...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::TCR repertoire studies in RA have yielded conflicting data. These studies were initiated on the premise that clonal expression of T cells at the site of inflammation could serve as a target for immune therapies designed on the basis of the option to inactivate or eliminate the presumed pathogenic T cells. These analys...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00063.x
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Group 1 innate lymphocytes consist of a phenotypically, spatially, and functionally heterogeneous population of NK cells and ILC1s that are engaged during pathogen invasion. We are only beginning to understand the context-dependent roles that different subsets of group 1 innate lymphocytes play during homeostatic pert...
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更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01071.x
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to iden...
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更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In mice, the absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) expression during fetal and neonatal life provides a window in development where clones of lymphocytes are generated that provide protective immunity. Introducing premature Tdt activity interferes with the development of these clones and results in an...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::With increasing evidence that complement activation significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of a large number of inflammatory diseases, strategies that interfere with its deleterious action have become a major focus in pharmacological research. Endogenous soluble complement inhibitors (C1 inhibitor, recombinant ...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nuclear-factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors are activated by a wide variety of stimuli in diverse cell types and control key aspects of immune function and development. Receptor-mediated activation of NF-κB appears to occur through two distinct signaling pathways termed as the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pat...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00