Abstract：
:The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, complex structures and mechanisms have evolved to recognize and fend off environmental dangers while at the same time allowing efficient gas exchange. Here we review our current knowledge regarding cellular mechanisms of the immune system in context with the highly specialized anatomical features of the airways and especially the alveolar compartment. The focus is on fungal and viral infections, merging anatomical aspects well known to pulmonologists with fundamental immunological concepts. We discuss the specialized morphological constraints of immune cells compressed under a continuous layer of the surfactant lining within alveoli as well as the importance of functional polarization of respiratory tract epithelia. Furthermore, we summarize the different types of innate and adaptive immune cells and their relative contribution to lung homeostasis with respect to localization. Finally, we provide a list of currently unresolved questions with high relevance for the field that might serve as food for thought regarding future research directions.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Hasenberg M,Stegemann-Koniszewski S,Gunzer Mdoi
10.1111/imr.12020subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
189-214issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
251pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both inn...
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更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
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