Abstract:
:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease causing high rates of hospitalizations in infants, significant morbidity in children and adults, and excess mortality in the elderly. Major barriers to vaccine development include early age of RSV infection, capacity of RSV to evade innate immunity, failure of RSV-induced adaptive immunity to prevent reinfection, history of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, and lack of an animal model fully permissive to human RSV infection. These biological challenges, safety concerns, and practical issues have significantly prolonged the RSV vaccine development process. One great advantage compared to other difficult viral vaccine targets is that passively administered neutralizing monoclonal antibody is known to protect infants from severe RSV disease. Therefore, the immunological goals for vaccine development are to induce effective neutralizing antibody to prevent infection and to avoid inducing T-cell response patterns associated with enhanced disease. Live-attenuated RSV and replication-competent chimeric viruses are in advanced clinical trials. Gene-based strategies, which can control the specificity and phenotypic properties of RSV-specific T-cell responses utilizing replication-defective vectors and which may improve on immunity from natural infection, are progressing through preclinical testing. Atomic level structural information on RSV envelope glycoproteins in complex with neutralizing antibodies is guiding design of new vaccine antigens that may be able to elicit RSV-specific antibody responses without induction of RSV-specific T-cell responses. These new technologies may allow development of vaccines that can protect against RSV-mediated disease in infants and establish a new immunological paradigm in the host to achieve more durable protection against reinfection.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Graham BSdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00972.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-01-01 00:00:00pages
149-66issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
239pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::As an essential mechanism for self-tolerance, immune suppression has attracted much attention since the discovery of suppressor T cells, now called regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the 1990s. Different types of Tregs have been described based on distinct expression patterns of surface markers and cytokines. Cytokines ar...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00091.x
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies of the regulation of gene expression historically focused on transcription. However, during stress and apoptosis, profound gene expression changes occur more rapidly and globally than is possible by regulating transcription. Posttranscriptional changes in mRNA processing and translation in response to diverse ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00547.x
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD69 has been known as an early activation marker of lymphocytes; whereas, recent studies demonstrate that CD69 also has critical functions in immune responses. Early studies using human samples revealed the involvement of CD69 in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. Moreover, murine disease models using Cd...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01489.x
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current regimens used to treat tuberculosis are largely comprised of serendipitously discovered drugs that are combined based on clinical experience. Despite curing millions, these drug regimens are limited by the long course of therapy, the emergence of resistance, and the persistent tissue damage that remains af...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00028.x
更新日期:1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The monoclonal antibody, A2B4-2, specifically bound to and inhibited antigen-induced IL-2 release from the cloned pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cell hybrid, 2B4. The initial immunoprecipitation with these reagents demonstrated a protein of 85-90kd on non-reducing conditions, and two bands of 45-50 and 40-44 on reduci...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb01107.x
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::IgG dimers occurring in therapeutic Ig preparations have been characterized as Id-anti-Id, in that the sites of interaction are localized to the distal tips of the Fab arms. The observation that such dimers are prevalent in Ig or Igi.v. prepared from large plasma pools, but absent in preparations from a single individ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00861.x
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hookworm infection is a major parasitic cause of morbidity in the developing nations of the tropics. Development of a genetically engineered vaccine would be a useful tool in the control of this infection in highly endemic areas. Recombinant polypeptides belonging to the Ancylostoma secreted protein (ASP)-1 family hav...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromoso...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse retrovirus-induced lymphoma/leukemia and immunodeficiency are useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) and recombinant retroviruses, including the polytropic mink cytopathic focus-inducing type, have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for humoral and cellular im...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01167.x
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are chimeric proteins designed to treat cancer. They are made up of an Fv or Fab that targets an antigen on a cancer cell fused to a 38-kDa portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38). Because PE38 is a bacterial protein, it is highly immunogenic in patients with solid tumors that have nor...
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更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes chronic infection and life-threatening liver diseases in millions of individuals. While pathological and epidemiological consequences of clinically evident HBV infections are well recognized, there is no similar knowledge on an asymptomatic, silently progre...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) constitute organized lymphoid aggregates that are capable of T- and B-cell responses to inhaled antigens. BALT, located mostly at bifurcations of the bronchus in animals and humans, is present in the fetus and develops rapid...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00299.x
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Upon antigen recognition, T cells undergo substantial membrane and cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to the formation of the immunological synapse and are necessary for subsequent T-cell activation. However, little is known about how membrane and cytoskeletal molecules interact during these processes. Here we disc...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD-1: PD-ligand (PD-L) pathway are both critical to terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity. The PD-1: PD-L pathway can thwart self-reactive T cells and protect against autoimmunity in many ways....
journal_title:Immunological reviews
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更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00