Abstract：
:We have discussed some aspects of the structure of the normal immune system, particularly the B-cell compartment. We have argued: that a basic property of the natural antibody repertoire is constituted by high degrees of connectivity within the immune system as well as between the system and other components of the organism; that the complementarities constituting this connectivity are based on self-self interactions, high degrees of degeneracy or somatically selected interactions and that these properties are conserved through evolution, to ensure self-reference; that by evolutionary selection, antibody V-genes encoding such structural properties are ensured to be expressed early in ontogeny. The set of highly connected cells will be kept through ontogeny and form the basis for a compartment of naturally-activated lymphocytes making up 10-15% of the total lymphocyte population. As suggested before, this pool of connected cells may be responsible for maintenance of normal network dynamics and prevention of autoaggression.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Holmberg D,Andersson A,Carlsson L,Forsgren Sdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00028.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-08-01 00:00:00pages
89-103eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
110pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class-switch recom...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12740
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schistosomiasis is a serious global helminthic disease, in which the main immunopathology consists of a granulomatous and fibrosing reaction against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The severity of this inflammatory process, the product of a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immune response against parasite egg antigens, is, howeve...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00197.x
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:IgG dimers occurring in therapeutic Ig preparations have been characterized as Id-anti-Id, in that the sites of interaction are localized to the distal tips of the Fab arms. The observation that such dimers are prevalent in Ig or Igi.v. prepared from large plasma pools, but absent in preparations from a single individ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00861.x
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expression of L3T4 and Lyt-2 cell surface molecules separates T cells into two broad, non-overlapping subsets: typical T helper cells are L3T4+ Lyt-2- whereas most T killer cells and their precursors are L3T4- Lyt-2+. This review compares highly purified populations of unprimed L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells for their cap...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01489.x
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:B7-H3 and B7-H4 belong to a new class of immune regulatory molecules, which primarily execute their functions in peripheral tissues to fine tune immune responses in target organs. In normal circumstances, while the mRNA for both molecules is broadly distributed, tight control at the post-transcriptional level i...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00768.x
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes chronic infection and life-threatening liver diseases in millions of individuals. While pathological and epidemiological consequences of clinically evident HBV infections are well recognized, there is no similar knowledge on an asymptomatic, silently progre...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017406.x
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding how the integrins on leukocytes operate is important because these receptors control the activity of leukocytes in all phases of their lives. Thus integrins control leukocyte development and maturation in bone marrow, the circulation of naive cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, e.g. the lymph nodes, and ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18614.x
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD69 has been known as an early activation marker of lymphocytes; whereas, recent studies demonstrate that CD69 also has critical functions in immune responses. Early studies using human samples revealed the involvement of CD69 in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. Moreover, murine disease models using Cd...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12559
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In animals and in humans, T-cell therapy can cure advanced disseminated leukemia that would otherwise be fatal. The therapeutic effect of immune T cells is quantitative. As the dose of effector T cells is increased, survival is proportionately increased. Therefore, effective T-cell therapy is predicated on the ability...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00982.x
更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systems biology is the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of biological systems over time. Systems biology involves an iterative cycle, in which emerging biological problems drive the development of new technologies and computational tools. These technologies and ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00721.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The individual role of pathogen-binding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antibody-binding Fc receptors (FcRs) during pathogenic infections has been studied extensively. However, combined activation of these different receptor classes has received little attention, even though they are triggered simultaneously when immun...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12333
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Guanine nucleotide binding proteins rapidly cycle between a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state, and they operate as binary switches that control cell activation in response to environmental cues. GTPases adopt different conformations when binding GTP vs. GDP. The GTP-bound s...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00028.x
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Expressed predominantly on myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, DAP12 is an adapter protein that can associate with a variety of receptors. To date, DAP12 has predominantly been characterized as an adapter protein that activates various myeloid and NK cell effector functions; however, recent findings have demonstrat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00466.x
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer cells express multiple receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, including the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and the C-type lectin-like CD94:NKG2 receptors. The KIR locus is extremely polymorphic, paralleling the diversity of its classical MHC class I ligands. Simi...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12315
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Unique Vγ2Vδ2 (Vγ9Vδ2) T cells existing only in human and non-human primates, account for the majority of circulating γδ T cells in human adults. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are the sole γδ T-cell subpopulation capable of recognizing the microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by selected pathoge...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12927
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:Dengue viruses (DENV) are the mosquito-borne viruses of greatest global public health importance. DENV circulate as four serotypes with significant immunologic cross-reactivity that does not provide protection from secondary infection with heterologous serotypes. The strong association of severe dengue illness,...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00678.x
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical to the human immune system, providing appropriately scaled immune responses and mediating peripheral tolerance. A central role for forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs has been shown in the pathogenesis of mechanistically diverse central nervous system (CNS) diseases from aut...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01130.x
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabbits have helped elucidate one of the major immunologic puzzles, namely the genetic control of antibody diversity. The primary IgH antibody repertoire in rabbits is dominated by B cells that use the same germline VH-gene segment in VDJ gene rearrangements. The VDJ genes of essentially all B lymphocytes undergo soma...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01427.x
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian Dok protein family has seven members (Dok-1-Dok-7). The Dok proteins share structural similarities characterized by the NH2-terminal pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domains followed by SH2 target motifs in the COOH-terminal moiety, indicating an adapter function. Indeed, Dok-1 was origina...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00844.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vertebrate immune system has evolved to deal with parasitic life forms, so it is hardly surprising that experiments with pathogens have proved illuminating for immunology. Those of us who have worked for years with infectious processes are acutely conscious that we do little more than probe the vast 'experiment of...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18505.x
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00152.x
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a Th1-biased autoimmune response arises spontaneously against glutamic acid decarboxylase, concurrent with the onset of insulitis. Subsequently, Th1-type autoreactivity spreads intra- and intermolecularly to other beta-cell autoantigens (beta CAAs), suggesting that a spontaneous ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01214.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01035.x
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30-40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both inn...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12188
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission....
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0127.x
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of innate immune sensors (pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) has profoundly transformed the notion of innate immunity, in providing a mechanistic basis for host immune interactions with a wealth of environmental signals, leading to a variety of immune-mediated outcomes including instruction and activat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12901
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available dr...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01337.x
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00909.x
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
