Abstract：
:In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available drug therapy. Even when available, such therapy causes considerable inconvenience and undesirable clinical side effects, and fails to eradicate virus from a small reservoir of latently infected cells. Thus, we must ask what forms of alternative therapy might be used. One strategy that may be considered is to reduce virus levels as low as possible using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), followed by modulation of host immunity with immunotherapy in order to effect an appropriate and efficient response mimicking that found in long-term asymptomatic patients, with the aim of indefinitely maintaining the asymptomatic period following discontinuation of chemotherapy, or even of eradicating the virus from the latent reservoirs. In 1987, long before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, J. Salk proposed the use of a 'suitable potent non-infectious (HIV) immunogen' to delay or prevent the development of AIDS in infected individuals (1). The objective of administering such an agent was to 'enhance and prolong the presence of (immunologically) protective factors'. The stated aim at that time was 'to destroy virus and viral antigen producing cells by the induction of the immune system's cytotoxic mechanisms known to rid the host of virus and virus producing cells'. Twelve years later, and after a quarter of a century living with HIV, and with the advent of HAART, is it time to use our knowledge of the host's own immune system to fight this seemingly intractable invader?
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Gotch F,Hardy G,Imami Ndoi
10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01337.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-08-01 00:00:00pages
173-82eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
170pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of disease-causing and immunostimulatory proteins of bacterial or viral origin that activate T cells by binding to the V beta domain of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The three-dimensional structure of the complex between a TCR beta chain (mouse V beta 8.2-J beta 2.1-C beta 1) and ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01196.x
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the most toxic insults a cell can incur is a disruption of its linear DNA in the form of a double-strand break (DSB). Left unrepaired, or repaired improperly, these lesions can result in cell death or neoplastic transformation. Despite these dangers, lymphoid cells purposely introduce DSBs into their genome to ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00165.x
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12146
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The surface molecules that mediate activation of different subsets of T or NK cells have been reviewed. A suitable approach to the study of different lymphocyte activation pathways is provided by mAbs specific for these molecules. MAbs directed to the CD3 surface molecules mediate a polyclonal T-cell activation, where...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00545.x
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T-cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the sp...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12398
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00199.x
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00906.x
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The AIDS pandemic is a global emergency and a preventive vaccine is urgently needed. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses appear important in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques. The utility of vaccines that induce high levels of SIV- or HIV-specific T...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1830108.x
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabbits have helped elucidate one of the major immunologic puzzles, namely the genetic control of antibody diversity. The primary IgH antibody repertoire in rabbits is dominated by B cells that use the same germline VH-gene segment in VDJ gene rearrangements. The VDJ genes of essentially all B lymphocytes undergo soma...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01427.x
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expression of L3T4 and Lyt-2 cell surface molecules separates T cells into two broad, non-overlapping subsets: typical T helper cells are L3T4+ Lyt-2- whereas most T killer cells and their precursors are L3T4- Lyt-2+. This review compares highly purified populations of unprimed L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells for their cap...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01489.x
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The characterization of the microenvironment of human tumors led to the description of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterized by mature dendritic cells in a T-cell zone adjacent to B-cell follicle including a germinal center. TLS represent sites of lymphoid neogenesis that develop in most solid cancers. Anal...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12405
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have discussed four specific models which provide different kinds of information about the requirements for T cell activation. The first utilized a CTL clone designated L3, which is reactive specifically with Ld alloantigen, to study the involvement of the associative recognition structure Lyt-2 in cytolysis. The a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb01105.x
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12707
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Highlights in a 4-decade exploration of lymphocyte differentiation begin with comparative studies in birds and mammals leading to recognition of the separate T- and B-cell differentiation pathways and their cooperative interaction. The global effects of aborting IgM B-cell development with anti-mu antibodies indicated...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18515.x
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer cells are subjected to constant selection by the immune system, meaning that tumors that become clinically manifest have managed to subvert or hide from immunosurveillance. Immune control can be facilitated by induction of autophagy, as well as by polyploidization of cancer cells. While autophagy causes the rel...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12582
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (PCs). Nearly 40% of MM tumors have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations involving four recurrent chromosomal loci (oncogenes): 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (MMSET and FGFR3), and 16q23 (c-maf). Other MM tumors have Ig translocations...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00052.x
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Almost four decades of research into the role of human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) in susceptibility to spondyloarthritis has yet to yield a convincing answer. New results from an HLA-B27 transgenic rat model now demonstrate quite convincingly that CD8(+) T cells are not required for the inflammatory phenotype. Di...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00865.x
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tolerance for self has appeared incomplete for many self antigens. We have obtained experimental evidence that both for self heat shock proteins and T cell receptor V-gene products, reactive T cells are part of the normal immune repertoire. Furthermore, it has become apparent that stimulation of T cell responsiveness ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00899.x
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The co-evolution of papillomaviruses (PV) and their mammalian hosts has produced mechanisms by which PV might avoid specific and non-specific host immune responses. Low level expression of PV proteins in infected basal epithelial cells, together with an absence of inflammation and of virus-induced cell lysis, restrict...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01288.x
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last decade, the paradigm of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) as rare recessive familial diseases that lead to broad, severe, and early-onset immunological defects has shifted toward collectively more common, but sporadic autosomal dominantly inherited isolated defects in the immune response. Patients with PID...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12898
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells that escape negative selection in the thymus must be inactivated or eliminated in the periphery through a series of mechanisms that include the induction of anergy, dominant suppression by regulatory T cells, and peripheral deletion of self-reactive T cells. Calcium signaling plays a central role in the inductio...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00817.x
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In addition to its effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, estrogen has important impact on the immune system and on bone. It has also been evident that the effects of estrogen on bone to a large extent are mediated via its action on immune cells. Estrogen has a dichotomous impact on the immune system by d...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00326.x
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After more than a decade of intensive research, the precise role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in determining the course of the infection remains open to argument. It is established that HIV-specific CTL appear early in the infection and are temporally associated with the...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01004.x
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross-protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV-1 diversit...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12516
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabete...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01308.x
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The amyloid hypothesis has dominated Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for almost 30 years. This hypothesis hinges on the predominant clinical role of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in propagating neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventual cognitive impairment in AD. Recent research in the AD field has identified the ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12896
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of innate immune sensors (pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) has profoundly transformed the notion of innate immunity, in providing a mechanistic basis for host immune interactions with a wealth of environmental signals, leading to a variety of immune-mediated outcomes including instruction and activat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12901
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
