Effect of gene conversion on polymorphic patterns at major histocompatibility complex loci.

abstract：:αβ T cells are an integral part of protective immunity against pathogens. After precursor cells arise in the adult bone marrow or fetal liver, they migrate to the thymus where they rearrange their T-cell receptor genes (TCR) and undergo selection on the basis of their interactions with ligands expressed by thymic stro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Su LF,Davis MM

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding how the integrins on leukocytes operate is important because these receptors control the activity of leukocytes in all phases of their lives. Thus integrins control leukocyte development and maturation in bone marrow, the circulation of naive cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, e.g. the lymph nodes, and ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hogg N,Henderson R,Leitinger B,McDowall A,Porter J,Stanley P

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, comple...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hasenberg M,Stegemann-Koniszewski S,Gunzer M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The tyrosine ZAP-70 (zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa) kinase plays a critical role in activating many downstream signal transduction pathways in T cells following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. The importance of ZAP-70 is evidenced by the severe combined immunodeficiency that occurs in ZAP-70-deficient mice and h...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Au-Yeung BB,Deindl S,Hsu LY,Palacios EH,Levin SE,Kuriyan J,Weiss A

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Self-tolerance is achieved by deleting or regulating self-reactive lymphocytes at a series of cellular checkpoints placed at many points along the developmental pathways to plasma cells and effector T cells. At each checkpoint, what are the molecular pathways that determine whether a lymphocyte remains quiescent, begi...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Glynne R,Ghandour G,Rayner J,Mack DH,Goodnow CC

更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural killer cells employ a diverse arsenal of effector mechanisms to target intracellular pathogens. Differentiation of natural killer (NK) cell activation pathways occurs along a continuum from reliance on innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress-induced host ligands through to interaction with signals derived...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Goodier MR,Wolf AS,Riley EM

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With increasing evidence that complement activation significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of a large number of inflammatory diseases, strategies that interfere with its deleterious action have become a major focus in pharmacological research. Endogenous soluble complement inhibitors (C1 inhibitor, recombinant ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kirschfink M

更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) contains at least 26 genes which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily The genes include two clusters of immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR)/monocyte-macrophage inhibitory receptor (MIR) loci, a cluster of killer cell inhibitor...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Volz A,Wende H,Laun K,Ziegler A

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are chimeric proteins designed to treat cancer. They are made up of an Fv or Fab that targets an antigen on a cancer cell fused to a 38-kDa portion of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38). Because PE38 is a bacterial protein, it is highly immunogenic in patients with solid tumors that have nor...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Mazor R,Onda M,Pastan I

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma c) plays a critical role in lymphoid development through its participation in the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. Absence of gamma c results in abnormal lymphopoiesis and immunodeficiency, as evidence by X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1)...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Di Santo JP,Kühn R,Müller W

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in cont...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： McGaha TL,Huang L,Lemos H,Metz R,Mautino M,Prendergast GC,Mellor AL

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes that encode molecules involved in antigen presentation within the class I and class II regions of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) include several that are highly polymorphic. There is evidence that this polymorphism is maintained by positive selection, most likely overdominant selection,...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Yeager M,Hughes AL

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian Dok protein family has seven members (Dok-1-Dok-7). The Dok proteins share structural similarities characterized by the NH2-terminal pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domains followed by SH2 target motifs in the COOH-terminal moiety, indicating an adapter function. Indeed, Dok-1 was origina...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Mashima R,Hishida Y,Tezuka T,Yamanashi Y

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Newfound relatives of the classical Fc receptors (FcR) have been provisionally named the Fc receptor homologs (FcRH). The recent identification of eight human and six mouse FcRH genes substantially increases the size and functional potential of the FcR family. The extended family of FcR and FcRH genes spans approximat...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Davis RS,Dennis G Jr,Odom MR,Gibson AW,Kimberly RP,Burrows PD,Cooper MD

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Rohde K,Yates RM,Purdy GE,Russell DG

更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article focuses on four human carboxypeptidases (CPs): two metallo-CPs and two serine CPs. The metallo-CPs are members of the so-called B-type regulatory CP family, as they cleave only the C-terminal basic amino acids Arg or Lys. The plasma membrane-bound CPM and the mainly, but not exclusively, intracellular CPD...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Skidgel RA,Erdös EG

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determination of the crystal structure of class II: peptide complexes has shown that in addition to pocket interactions involving the side chains of the peptide, peptide binding to MHC class II molecules is characterized by a series of hydrogen bonds which are contributed by genetically conserved amino acid residues i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Sant AJ,Beeson C,McFarland B,Cao J,Ceman S,Bryant PW,Wu S

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class-switch recom...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Song W,Craft J

更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process that regulates several critical cellular processes. Ubiquitination is orchestrated by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which constitutes a cascade of enzymes that transfer ubiquitin onto protein substrates. The UPS catalyzes the destruction of many crit...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Sahasrabuddhe AA,Elenitoba-Johnson KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unique Vγ2Vδ2 (Vγ9Vδ2) T cells existing only in human and non-human primates, account for the majority of circulating γδ T cells in human adults. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are the sole γδ T-cell subpopulation capable of recognizing the microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by selected pathoge...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Shen L,Huang D,Qaqish A,Frencher J,Yang R,Shen H,Chen ZW

更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is considerable evidence that the conformation and stability of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is dependent upon high-affinity peptide ligation, but structural data for an empty MHC protein unfortunately is lacking. However, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specific...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hansen TH,Lybarger L,Yu L,Mitaksov V,Fremont DH

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate negative selection at a relatively late stage of the T-cell developmental pathway. We present evidence that the development of thymic DC and of T-lineage cells is linked via a common precursor at an early stage of thymocyte development. T-lineage precursor populations from the adult...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Shortman K,Vremec D,Corcoran LM,Georgopoulos K,Lucas K,Wu L

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The precise mechanisms that govern memory T-cell lineage commitment during an immune response continue to be the subject of intense scrutiny. The existence of memory T-cell subsets defined by location, function, and phenotype adds an additional layer of complexity to the overall memory T-cell population. In this revie...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lefrançois L

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease causing high rates of hospitalizations in infants, significant morbidity in children and adults, and excess mortality in the elderly. Major barriers to vaccine development include early age of RSV infection, capacity of RSV to evade innate ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Graham BS

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basal, activation, and arrest signaling in T cells determines survival, coordinates responses to pathogens, and, when dysregulated, leads to loss of self-tolerance and autoimmunity. At the T-cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins interact with galectins via their N-glycans, forming a molecular lattice that regulate...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Grigorian A,Torossian S,Demetriou M

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immune defect caused by mutations in the Src homology 2 domain-containing gene 1A, which encodes the adapter protein, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). SAP is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cel...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Nichols KE,Ma CS,Cannons JL,Schwartzberg PL,Tangye SG

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past two decades, structural biology has shown how T-cell receptors engage peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes and provided insight into the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity and cross-reactivity. Here we review and contextualize our contributions, which have emphasized the influe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Baker BM,Scott DR,Blevins SJ,Hawse WF

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) generate protective CD8 cells of varying specificity. One subset, unlike conventional LM-immune CD8 cells, can respond to antigen-presenting cells (APC) treated with heat-killed LM (HKLM). These cells proved to have surprisingly uniform specificity, recognizing a product ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Kurlander R,Nataraj C

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells (MC) are multipotent effector cells of the immune system. They contain an array of biologically active mediator substances in their granules. MC also express a number of functionally important cell surface antigens, including stem cell factor receptor (SCFR=kit=CD117), high affinity IgER (FcepsilonRI), or C...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Valent P,Schernthaner GH,Sperr WR,Fritsch G,Agis H,Willheim M,Bühring HJ,Orfao A,Escribano L

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Almost four decades of research into the role of human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) in susceptibility to spondyloarthritis has yet to yield a convincing answer. New results from an HLA-B27 transgenic rat model now demonstrate quite convincingly that CD8(+) T cells are not required for the inflammatory phenotype. Di...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Colbert RA,DeLay ML,Klenk EI,Layh-Schmitt G

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00