Abstract：
:Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracellular bacteria to be abused as host cells. Their efficacy to contain and eliminate intracellular M. tuberculosis decides whether a patient initially becomes infected or not. However, when the infection becomes chronic or even latent (as in the case of TB) despite development of specific immune activation, phagocytes have also important effector functions. Macrophages have evolved a myriad of defense strategies to combat infection with intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis. These include induction of toxic anti-microbial effectors such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, the stimulation of microbe intoxication mechanisms via acidification or metal accumulation in the phagolysosome, the restriction of the microbe's access to essential nutrients such as iron, fatty acids, or amino acids, the production of anti-microbial peptides and cytokines, along with induction of autophagy and efferocytosis to eliminate the pathogen. On the other hand, M. tuberculosis, as a prime example of a well-adapted facultative intracellular bacterium, has learned during evolution to counter-balance the host's immune defense strategies to secure survival or multiplication within this otherwise hostile environment. This review provides an overview of innate immune defense of macrophages directed against intracellular bacteria with a focus on M. tuberculosis. Gaining more insights and knowledge into this complex network of host-pathogen interaction will identify novel target sites of intervention to successfully clear infection at a time of rapidly emerging multi-resistance of M. tuberculosis against conventional antibiotics.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Weiss G,Schaible UEdoi
10.1111/imr.12266subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-03-01 00:00:00pages
182-203issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
264pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class-switch recom...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12740
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The innate immune system is responsible for detecting microbial invasion of the cell and for stimulating host defense countermeasures. These anti-pathogen procedures include the transcriptional activation of powerful antiviral genes such as the type I interferons (IFNs) or the triggering of inflammatory responses thro...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01051.x
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01035.x
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pellinos are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases discovered for their role in catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of Pelle, an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase homolog in the Drosophila Toll pathway. Subsequent studies have revealed the central and non-redundant roles of mammalian Pellino-1, Pellino-2...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12298
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01509.x
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of innate lymphocytes that are preferentially located at barrier surfaces. Barrier surfaces are in direct contact with complex microbial ecosystems, collectively referred to as the microbiota. It is now believed that the interplay of the microbiota with host ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12580
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00161.x
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01204.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune response...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12522
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb01105.x
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and evasion of the antitumor effector immune response are two of the emerging hallmarks required for oncogenesis and cancer progression. The innate immune system not only plays a critical role in perpetuating these tumor-promoting hallmarks but also in developing anti...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12464
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1990.tb00803.x
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A byproduct of the largely stochastic generation of a diverse B-cell specificity repertoire is production of cells that recognize autoantigens. Indeed, recent studies indicate that more than half of the primary repertoire consists of autoreactive B cells that must be silenced to prevent autoimmunity. While this silenc...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00936.x
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The innate immune system is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense found in most multicellular organisms. Inducible responses of the innate immune system are triggered upon pathogen recognition by a set of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns shared by large gro...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.917309.x
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BioBreeding (BB) rats spontaneously develop an autoimmune diabetic syndrome similar to that observed in humans and NOD mice. One of the diabetes susceptibility loci maps to the lyp locus on chromosome 4. In this article we describe the consequences of the BB rat lyp mutation on T-cell homeostasis, repertoire and funct...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840115.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12055
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00537.x
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation underpins the development of atherosclerosis. Initiation and progression of vascular inflammation involves a complex cellular network, with macrophages as major contributors. Activated macrophages produce proinflammatory mediators, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, regulate lipid retention, and partici...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00554.x
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are the surface glycoproteins responsible for viral entry into host cells, the first step in the virus life cycle necessary to initiate infection. These glycoproteins exhibit a high degree of sequence variability and glycosy...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12005
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of respo...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00017.x
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The surface molecules that mediate activation of different subsets of T or NK cells have been reviewed. A suitable approach to the study of different lymphocyte activation pathways is provided by mAbs specific for these molecules. MAbs directed to the CD3 surface molecules mediate a polyclonal T-cell activation, where...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00545.x
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes involves a series of cellular interactions, many of which are carried out by cytokines. Macrophages, NK cells and neutrophils participate in early stages of Listeria resistance. The neutrophil is specially important for clearance of the liver phase of listeriosis. Ma...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00988.x
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12582
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00998.x
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-human primate (NHP) models, especially involving macaques, are considered important models of human immunity and have been essential in preclinical testing for vaccines and therapeutics. Despite this, much less characterization of macaque Fc receptors has occurred compared to humans or mice. Much of the characteri...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12366
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12064
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00972.x
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the past 20 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of natural killer (NK) cells. It has become clear that NK cells are regulated by a number of receptors with opposite functions that finely tune potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines that play a major role ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00651.x
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TCR repertoire studies in RA have yielded conflicting data. These studies were initiated on the premise that clonal expression of T cells at the site of inflammation could serve as a target for immune therapies designed on the basis of the option to inactivate or eliminate the presumed pathogenic T cells. These analys...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00063.x
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Idiotypic networks, after being a dominating paradigm for more than a decade, have fallen out of fashion in parallel with the rapid success of molecular immunobiology. Today signs of a possible renaissance in idiotypic network studies are visible. For system biologists and also for physicists, the network idea remains...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00496.x
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
