Abstract：
:We have designed a low-cost, compact, head-only exposure system which is easy to use and allows exposure of up to 8 or 16 small rodents depending on the chamber used with the system. Animals are exposed without anesthesia or extreme restraint. Deflection tubes at the chamber inlet and outlet serve to provide turbulent flow within the chamber. Performance of the exposure system was evaluated by analyzing data which was collected during investigations of the kinetics of respirable nickel chloride (NiCl2) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) aerosols in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute 2 h exposure to NiCl2 at concentrations ranging from 129 to 1208 micrograms Ni/m3 (MMAD 0.7-0.9 micron, sigma g 1.2-1.5) had a mean run-to-run coefficient of variation (cv) in chamber concentration of 11.6%, and a mean within-run cv of 8.5%. A 26-day repeated exposure of 3 groups of rats to 18.4 micrograms Ni/m3 gave a mean run-to-run cv of 20.9%, mean within-run cv of 10.2%, and within-day cv of 14.5%. Acute exposure studies with CoCl2 at concentrations ranging from 298 to 1371 micrograms Co/m3 (MMAD 0.9, sigma g 1.4) produced a mean run-to-run cv of 8.4% and a mean within-run cv of 7.8%. The repeated exposure of 2 groups of rats for 5 days to CoCl2 at a concentration of 583 micrograms Co/m3 had a mean run-to-run cv of 10.1%, a within-run cv of 7.4% and a within-day cv of 6.8%. The distribution of aerosol within the chamber is shown to have been uniform, and chamber performance was linear over the range tested. This system provides an inexpensive and uniform means of conducting inhalation exposure studies with selected airborne contaminants that might represent a potential health hazard.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Francovitch RJ,Deal DL,Tayyeb MI,Wolpert RL,Boger JR 3rd,Valentini JE,Menzel DBdoi
10.1016/0378-4274(87)90107-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1987-09-01 00:00:00pages
19-32issue
1-2eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
0378-4274(87)90107-Xjournal_volume
38pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:There has been a significant evolution in the clinical management of the poisoned patient over the last decade. Interventions that were once the cornerstone of treating the poisoned patient have become passé or have come under intense scrutiny. The advent of evidence-based medicine has forced clinical scientists to re...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00512-4
更新日期：2002-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The oxidation of styrene to styrene oxide and the hydration of this metabolite to styrene glycol was investigated in hepatocytes, 9000 x g supernatant (S9) and the microsomal fraction from rat liver. Similar amounts of free styrene oxide were found in microsomes, hepatocytes and S9. However, on the basis of the format...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(84)90120-6
更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While numerous surveys highlighted the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food, data about their toxicological combined effects is still limited. This is especially the case for chronic exposure conditions, although the latter are more representative of the mycotoxin risk associated with food consumption than acut...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.080
更新日期：2017-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Activity of telomerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, is repressed in most normal human somatic cells but induced in most human cancers. Normal human cells that lack telomerase activity progressively lose telomere sequences. In contrast, most immortalized cell lines an...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00278-1
更新日期：1998-12-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Dermal toxicity of the new multi-insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) was studied in female rabbits. LD50 of DEPA was estimated to be 3505 mg/kg b.w. On daily topical application for 21 d at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w., dermal irritancy score and blood chemistry changes indicated that the compound is non-irr...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(89)90160-4
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Citrinin (CIT), a fungal metabolite causing nephrotoxicity, has a tolerable daily intake (TDI) value of 0.2μg/kg bw. Contamination of food with CIT is not sufficiently known to allow dietary exposure assessment. Urinary biomonitoring data are available from cohorts of several countries. However, kinetic information is...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.006
更新日期：2018-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase and heme oxygenase (HO) and changes in lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the livers of control and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice 24 h after a single injection o...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00416-2
更新日期：2003-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The Pseudonaja genus (Brown snakes) is widely distributed across Australia and bites account for significant mortality. Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) and, less often, early cardiovascular collapse occur following envenoming by these snakes. We have previously examined possible mechanism(s) behind the e...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.235
更新日期：2013-08-29 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the action of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) on the parameters of the cortical and peripheral evoked potentials was investigated in rats in different administration schemes (20 mg/kg i.p. during recording or 24 h before, and 5x 15 mg/kg daily 28 days before recording) to elucidate some neurophysiological ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.006
更新日期：2006-01-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Cholestasis represents pathophysiologic syndromes defined as impaired bile flow from the liver. As an outcome, bile acids accumulate and promote hepatocyte injury, followed by liver cirrhosis and liver failure. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) is relatively toxic and highly concentrated in bile and serum after chole...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.017
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of the present study was to identify the polychlorinated biphenyl congeners of Aroclor 1254 that are responsible for the induction of the cytosolic bioactivation of aromatic amines. Various chlorobiphenyls, ranging from di- to hexa-substituted, were administered to rats and the ability of the hepatic cyt...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00042-8
更新日期：1997-07-21 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of vitamin C on acute paracetamol poisoning were studied in mice. Given orally at 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, either simultaneously or 2 h after the oral administration of 875 mg/kg of paracetamol, vitamin C did not cause any decrease in the mortality rate. In similar conditions in previous experiments methionin...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(83)90086-3
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uncertainty in risk assessment can be reduced by increasing the use of relevant data specific to the particular xenobiotic and exposed organism. We describe the development of a preliminary, mechanism-based exposure response model for chloroform hepatotoxicity consistig of toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) sub...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03528-1
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Troglitazone (Tro) is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that was withdrawn from the market due to its association with idiosyncratic severe liver injury. Tro has never induced liver injury in experimental animals in vivo. It was assumed that the species differences between human and experimental animals in the pha...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.001
更新日期：2012-10-02 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has to be metabolically activated by specific cytochromes before it can react with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins or DNA). Although hepatocytes are believed to be responsible for this activation, the liver tumours originate mainly from non-parenchymal cells (N...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00400-3
更新日期：2001-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Information about the effects of phytoestrogens in the liver, the main organ of metabolism, is limited. In this study we have examined the dose dependent effects of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) on gene expression in rat liver in comparison to the potent estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE). Special attention was paid t...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.01.001
更新日期：2005-05-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Cigarette smoke (CS) is known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cellular senescence in lung cells. We determined the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction by CS in lung epithelial cells. CS extract (CSE) treatment differentially affected mitochondrial function, such as membrane potential, mitochondrial re...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.022
更新日期：2019-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:PFAS are man-made compounds that are highly spread in the environment. Human dietary exposure to such contaminants is of high concern as they may accumulate in the food chain. Different studies already demonstrated the importance of the fish consumption in the dietary exposure of these molecules and the potential incr...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.028
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toxicological data used for risk assessments must undergo an evaluation of reliability. Nevertheless, a reliability evaluation scheme for such data has yet to be established in China. A method termed TRAM (Toxicological data Reliability Assessment Method) was developed to evaluate toxicological data reliability. A que...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 共识发展会议,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.002
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:288 BALB/c male mice were allocated to: Group 1-control; Group 2-500 ppm of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in the food, with control water; Group 4-500 ppm of 2-AAF in the food and 250 mg/100 ml of vitamin C in the water; and Group 3-control food and 250 mg% of vitamin C in the water. Major histopathologic changes at t...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(80)90136-8
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00280-1
更新日期：2002-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Oral administration of a single dose of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL, 80 mg/kg body wt.), 2 or 24 h after treatment, caused no significant change in the levels of diacylglycerol and phosphoinositides in rat cerebrum (forebrain), whereas daily administration of DBTL (40 or 80 mg/kg body wt.) for 3 days (24 h after the fi...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(91)90198-f
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known as efficient mutagens and ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which has been suggested to play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. In order to evaluate the complex relationship between the genotoxicity and the AhR-mediated activity of...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.011
更新日期：2011-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Nerve agent toxicity is primarily due to the synaptic build up of toxic levels of acetylcholine. The acute lethal effects of the nerve agents are generally attributed to respiratory failure caused by a combination of effects at both central and peripheral levels and are further complicated by copious secretions, muscl...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.022
更新日期：2012-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Single doses of primaquine did not produce methemoglobinemia in beagle bitches. Repeated daily administration for 12 days produced a gradually rising level of methemoglobin over that time period, unaccompanied by depletion of erythrocytic reduced glutathione. Primaquine was mutagenic in the Ames test in Salmonella typ...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(87)90197-4
更新日期：1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The early histologic lesions and sequential changes in the development of mirex-induced cataracts were studied in the offspring of lactating female Sherman rats given oral doses of mirex for 5 consecutive days post partum. The earliest histologic change, seen at neonatal day 7, was slight swelling of the individual co...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(81)90163-6
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Xenobiotic exposure is a risk factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease. It was recently hypothesized that restricted exposure during brain development could predispose for a neurodegenerative disease later in life. As neuroinflammation contributes to progressive neurodegeneration, it is suspected that neuro...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.001
更新日期：2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of two polyamino-polycarboxylic acids, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA) and diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) and two thiol-chelating agents, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) on the excretion of manganese (Mn) in rabbits given Mn i.p. w...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(80)90180-0
更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is the most frequently used analgesic drug worldwide. However, patients in several specific populations can have an increased exposure to toxic APAP metabolites. Therefore, APAP-protein adducts have been proposed as an alternative marker for the assessment of APAP intoxications and as...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.001
更新日期：2020-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Effective emergency preparedness and response planning are needed to assist responders in making sound decisions under the stressful and confusing conditions accompanying a major accidental release of hazardous materials. One of the most important decisions to be made is the extent and duration of the evacuation of pe...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(89)90043-x
更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
