Abstract:
:Effective emergency preparedness and response planning are needed to assist responders in making sound decisions under the stressful and confusing conditions accompanying a major accidental release of hazardous materials. One of the most important decisions to be made is the extent and duration of the evacuation of persons located nearby the accident site. If a decision must be made as to whether or not to evacuate nearby populations, an estimation of the areal extent (sometimes referred to as a 'toxic hazard corridor' or 'vulnerable zone') of the evacuation must be determined. This corridor, or zone, is based on estimates of the amount of material released, rate of release, vapor dispersion characteristics, and concentration limit or 'level of concern' that could cause some damage, irreversible health effects, or death. There is a strong dependency between the concentration limit chosen and the resulting evacuation area dimensions. It is therefore important for planners and emergency responders to have accurate estimates of concentration limits as well as guidance in the proper use and interpretation of these limits. This paper illustrates several cases where the selection of the concentration limit has played an important role.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Wiener RK,Shaver DKdoi
10.1016/0378-4274(89)90043-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-12-01 00:00:00pages
361-8issue
2-3eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
0378-4274(89)90043-Xjournal_volume
49pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Neomycin (an aminoglycoside antibiotic), ethacrynate (a loop diuretic), cisplatin (an anticancer drug) and mercuric chloride are chemically unrelated drugs which present similar ototoxic and nephrotoxic properties. We have found that all these molecules inhibit inositol phosphate turnover induced by carbachol or gluta...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(90)90076-x
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Goniothalamin, a styryllactone, has been shown to induce cytotoxicity via apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. In this study, we have examined the potential role of several genes, which were stably transfected into T-cell lines and which regulate apoptosis in different ways, on goniothalamin-induced cell death. Over...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.08.012
更新日期:2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of selenium on cellular toxicity and histochemical distribution of mercury were examined in a cell culture system of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Selenium protected against the toxicity of mercury in cultures exposed to 4 microM of mercuric chloride. Selenomethionine caused a significant increase in cell ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(89)90144-6
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of the cold-receptor TRPM8 by menthol or other tobacco additives can suppress natural defense reactions such as coughing that usually would become effective as involuntary resistance against the inhalation of fumes. In Europe menthol is only regulated as flavor, but can be used as additive as long as no cha...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.020
更新日期:2017-04-05 00:00:00
abstract::An occupational health study was conducted on 45 acetone-exposed male workers in combination with 343 non-exposed men to examine the quantitative relationship between the intensity of acetone vapor exposure and the concentration of acetone in urine. The time-weighted average acetone concentrations were measured by mea...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(92)90081-t
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We hypothesized that supraphysiological administration of the anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) like testosterone (TEST) and nandrolone decanoate (NAND) might differentially affect synaptic and extrasynaptic components of mitochondrial bioenergetics, thereby resulting in memory impairment. Oil (VEH), NAND or TEST (15...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.03.004
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently published studies suggest a weak positive correlation between increased dietary acrylamide intake and the increased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. However, risk assessment of acrylamide remains difficult because the carcinogenic mechanisms are still unknown and in particular the molecular effects of ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.017
更新日期:2013-02-27 00:00:00
abstract::Free fatty acids (FFA), commonly elevated in diabetes and obesity, have been shown to impair endothelial functions and cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Anthocyanins represent one of the most important and interesting classes of flavonoids and seem to play a role in preventing cardiovascula...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.020
更新日期:2015-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Coumarin and its derivatives are widely employed as a fragrance in cosmetics and skin care products. The skin absorption level and possible disruption to the skin by topical application of coumarins were evaluated in this study. Percutaneous absorption of osthole, daphnoretin, coumarin, byakangelicin, and 7-hydroxycou...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.009
更新日期:2014-04-21 00:00:00
abstract::A number of zero tolerance provisions are contained in both food and animal feed law, e.g. for chemical substances whose occurrence is not permitted or is directly prohibited in food or animal feed. In the European Union, bans of this kind were introduced to give consumers and animals the greatest possible protection ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.002
更新日期:2007-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::Toxicokinetics is the assessment of systemic exposure in toxicity studies, in which pharmacokinetic data are generated, either as an integral component in the conduct of the nonclinical toxicity studies or in specially designed supportive studies, in order to assess systemic exposure. The data may be used in the inter...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00272-7
更新日期:2001-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied the effects of chronic slight to moderate lead exposure on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive man. Plasma renin activity (PRA), blood angiotensin I (AI) concentration, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and aldosterone concentration were measured in 33 normotensive men, ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(85)90096-7
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Administration of the chemical carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) has previously been shown to lower hepatic epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding levels during chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. To further characterize the specificity of this response, EGF binding levels for liver microsomes were determin...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(96)03866-0
更新日期:1997-03-14 00:00:00
abstract::2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental toxin that induces apoptosis of neurons and a pro-inflammatory response in microglial cells. First, we found that TCDD induced proliferation of HAPI microglial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis showed that this proliferati...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.003
更新日期:2014-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::Reports on adverse health effects related to occupational exposure to toner powder are still inconclusive. Therefore, we have previously conducted an in vitro-study to characterize the genotoxic potential of three commercially available black printer toner powders in A549 lung cells. In these cell-based assays it was ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.018
更新日期:2013-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Transgenic rodents that contain easily retrievable target genes allow the rapid quantitation of mutations in any tissue from which DNA can be isolated. We are using the Stratagene Big Blue transgenic mouse system that contains a lacI target and an alpha lacZ reporter gene to study the parameters that affect mutations....
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03472-2
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde), the major metabolite of trichloroethylene (TCE), was investigated for its potential to form DNA-protein cross-links (DPX), a lesion produced by other aldehydes. Chloral did not form DPX in rat liver nuclei at concentrations up to 250 mM for 30 min at 37 degrees C, while chloroacetaldeh...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(88)90076-8
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The target cell(s) of theobromine toxicity on rat testes and reproductive toxicity induced by pure theobromine and cocoa extract are evaluated in the present studies. Theobromine (500 mg/kg x 7 days) inhibited body weight gain in treated rats. Decreased cauda epididymal sperm reserve (38%), seminiferous tubule fluid (...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(94)90159-7
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work studies the potential subacute toxicological effects of the aqueous extract of Baccharis genistelloides (AEBg) and demonstrates a new anti-arthritic therapeutic effect. The treatment of the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group with 4.2 mg/kg AEBg induced an important decrease (75%) in CIA severity in all a...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.07.004
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intraperitoneal injection of the iron-complex, ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), induces renal proximal tubular damage associated with oxidative damage in vivo. Fe-NTA induced a time-dependent decrease of several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), together with increased conjugated diene values and decreased cellula...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00372-1
更新日期:2001-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Monocytes, separated from human peripheral blood, were preincubated with different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 24 h and the production of superoxide ions (O*2-) was then measured using as a stimulating agent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. A significantly enhanced O*2- production is only observed when...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00131-9
更新日期:1999-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::There are multiple lines of evidence showing that environmental toxicants including pesticides may contribute to neuronal cell death. Fipronil (FPN) is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that acts on insect GABA receptors. Although the action of FPN is restricted to insect neuronal or muscular transmitter systems, a few stu...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.022
更新日期:2012-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides has been associated with thyroid dysfunction, particularly changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This study assessed the association between environmental exposure to pesticides and the risk of developing thyr...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.017
更新日期:2019-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Mercury is the major component of dental amalgam restorative material, which typically has 50% pure elemental mercury. It is also used in some skin creams, and in the manufacturing of plastic, drugs and fungicides. The present study was designed to investigate the toxicity of methyl mercury (MeHg+) on isolated rat hep...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(93)90149-r
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The subacute nephrotoxicity of more than 20 industrial solvents has been compared in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were given 5 i.p. injections of the solvents per week for 2 weeks at doses ranging from 1/20 to 1/5 of the i.p. or oral LD50 and the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta 2-...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(89)90018-0
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of two polyamino-polycarboxylic acids, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA) and diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) and two thiol-chelating agents, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) on the excretion of manganese (Mn) in rabbits given Mn i.p. w...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0378-4274(80)90180-0
更新日期:1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. General anesthesia is achieved by anesthetic action in the central nervous system (CNS). 2. Whereas amnesia and unconsciousness are due to anesthetic action in the brain, recent evidence suggests that immobility in response to a noxious stimulus is achieved by anesthetic effects in the spinal cord. The putative spi...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00164-7
更新日期:1998-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::The repeated dose toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, was examined in male and female newborn rats given TBBPA orally at 0, 40, 200, or 600 mg/kg per day for 18 days from 4 days of age until weaning at 21 days of age. Half the rats in each dose group were sacrificed for a full gross necropsy ...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.001
更新日期:2004-04-21 00:00:00
abstract::Prenatal stress is known to affect the development of the brain, and exaggerate the developmental toxicity of chemicals. Many studies of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) use pregnant rodents mated at the supplier, which consequently suffer from the stress of shipping and of environmental changes. Here, we demonstrate...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.08.006
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mouse inbred strains with inherited predisposition and resistance to lung cancer provide an essential tool for the dissection of the genetics of this complex disease. We have previously mapped a major locus (Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1, Pas1) affecting inherited predisposition to lung cancer in mice on chromoso...
journal_title:Toxicology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00232-5
更新日期:2000-03-15 00:00:00