Abstract：
:Autophagy is a group of cellular pathways that deliver cytoplasmic constituents for lysosomal degradation. The peptides generated from these pathways can be presented by MHC II molecules, making autophagy an important source of antigens for CD4+ T cells. In addition, modules of the molecular machinery of autophagy were found in recent years to also influence extracellular antigen processing for MHC Class I and Class II presentation, as well as regulation of MHC Class I surface expression. These studies paint a more complicated picture of how regulation of individual autophagy proteins influences adaptive immunity. The respective pathways, especially in regard to their net outcome for CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses in vivo, will be discussed in this review.
journal_name
Trends Immunoljournal_title
Trends in immunologyauthors
Münz Cdoi
10.1016/j.it.2016.08.017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
755-763issue
11eissn
1471-4906issn
1471-4981pii
S1471-4906(16)30121-1journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Despite readily detectable virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in most HIV-infected patients, immune surveillance is eventually lost, leading to progression to AIDS. Recently developed insights into human T-cell differentiation have been used to study the phenotype of virus-specific T cells in HIV-infected individuals. Base...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02326-8
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Modern immunological assays are very sensitive for detection of antigen-specific T cells. These assays are used to detect increased levels of T cells after peptide-based immunotherapy for cancer in an attempt to describe surrogate endpoints correlated with anti-tumor activity. Recent reports demonstrate that determina...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)00029-7
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of chronic, progressive disorders characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism(s) underlying their progressive nature remains unknown but a timely and well-controlled inflammatory reaction is essential for the i...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.05.002
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complement is a major defense system of innate immunity and aimed to destroy microbes. One of the central complement regulators is factor H, which belongs to a protein family that includes CFHL1 and five factor H-related (CFHR) proteins. Recent evidence shows that factor H family proteins (factor H and CFHRs) are asso...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.04.008
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lymph nodes are strategically located throughout the body to allow lymphocytes to efficiently encounter their cognate antigen and become activated. The structure of the lymph nodes is such that B and T lymphocytes each have their own microdomain. This structure is provided by lymph node stromal cells, which also provi...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.10.006
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Migration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is essential during embryonic development and throughout adult life. During embryogenesis, trafficking of HSCs is responsible for the sequential colonization of different hematopoietic organs by blood-producing cells. In adulthood, circulation of HSCs maintains homeostasis ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.06.011
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antigen cross-presentation describes the process through which dendritic cells (DCs) acquire exogenous antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules. The ability to cross-present has been thought of as a feature of specialized DC subsets. Emerging data, however, suggest that the cross-presenting ability of each D...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2013.02.007
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One major determinant of systemic immunity during homeostasis and in certain complex multifactorial diseases (e.g. cancer and autoimmune conditions), is the gut microbiota. These commensals can shape systemic immune responses via translocation of metabolites, microbial cell wall components, and viable microbes. In the...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.12.005
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytokine signaling is dependent on the activation of intracellular molecules, including JAKs (Janus family kinases) and STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Since the discovery of the SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) family molecules in 1997, extensive investigation of these molecules has...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2003.10.008
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2018.08.002
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of a primary challenge to protect against secondary infection (e.g., during vaccination) independent of the adaptive immune system is mediated in part by macrophage 'training'. Two new studies show that macrophage training is associated with genome-wide epigenetic changes and is regulated by the mTOR pathw...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1016/j.it.2014.11.004
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory process resulting from activation of the well-defined interleukin (IL)-23/T17 cytokine axis. We review the role of key cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in psoriasis, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, focusing on therapeutic cytokine interventions and what they reveal about psoriatic...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.11.005
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We under...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2016.06.005
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells play a central role in the initiation of inflammatory responses associated with asthma and other allergic disorders. Receptor-mediated mast cell growth, differentiation, homing to their target tissues, survival and activation are all controlled, to varying degrees, by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-driven...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.07.004
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immune system confines neoplasia at various stages of tumor development. Whereas the role of cellular immunity has been investigated widely and utilized in the clinic, the importance of humoral immunity in this process has begun to emerge only in recent years. Circulating antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) typicall...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01984-6
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A prominent population of innate CD8+ T cells develops in the thymus of several gene-deficient mouse strains, including Itk, KLF2, CBP and Id3. These cells have the phenotype and function of memory CD8+ T cells, without previous exposure to antigen. Surprisingly, the cytokine IL-4 plays a key role in their development...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2010.12.004
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer (NK)-cell receptors (NKRs) on CD8+ T cells can modulate antigen-specific T-cell activity but their function and rules that govern their expression remain unclear. Recent work has provided new insight into CD94-NKG2A expression on T cells. Whereas upregulation on the cell surface is induced following T-c...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00064-4
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Manipulating the immune system in order to induce clinically relevant responses against cancer is a longstanding goal. Interventions to enhance tumor-specific immunity through vaccination, sustaining effector T cell activation, or increasing the numbers of tumor-specific T cells using ex vivo expansion, have all resul...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.08.004
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation is usually considered as harmful; however, it is also necessary for tissue recovery after injury. Macrophages exert immune and nonimmune functions throughout this process. During skeletal muscle regeneration, they mount an inflammatory response while exerting trophic roles on muscle and mesenchymal stem c...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.04.006
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that bacterial signaling molecules are involved in cross-kingdom communication with eukaryotic cells. Bacterial signaling molecules can enter eukaryotic cells and appear to modulate immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Recently, an enticing study demonstrated that mam...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2004.08.001
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In autoimmune disease, a network of diverse cytokines is produced in association with disease susceptibility to constitute the 'cytokine milieu' that drives chronic inflammation. It remains elusive how cytokines interact in such a complex network to sustain inflammation in autoimmune disease. This has presented huge c...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.10.003
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.01.007
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In many flowering plants, intraspecific barriers to self-fertilization ensure outbreeding by interrupting the path of pollen tube growth before egg-sperm interaction. These self-sterility or self-incompatibility (SI) systems are unique among recognition systems, in that they are based on the recognition and rejection ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.06.005
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microglia are brain macrophages that emerge from early erythro-myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac and migrate to the brain mesenchyme before the blood brain barrier is formed. They seed the brain, and proliferate until they have formed a grid-like distribution in the central nervous system that is maintained...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2015.08.005
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:How allergens trigger the T helper 2 (Th2) response that characterizes allergic lung inflammation is not well understood. Epithelium-derived alarmins released after an allergen encounter activate the innate immune system, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) which produce the type 2 interleukins IL-5 and IL...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2015.01.005
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in the understanding of medullary thymic epithelial cell biology, and especially of their promiscuous gene expression, have highlighted the indispensable role of thymic medulla in shaping a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Additionally, our recent results have shown that cortical thymic epithelial cell...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.03.003
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The termination of inflammation is governed by endogenous molecules collectively referred to as 'mediators of resolution' of inflammation. There is now strong evidence to suggest that failed resolution may underpin autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and could thus be targeted to decrease inflammation. There are many...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2019.01.007
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells are currently recognized as effector cells in many settings beyond just allergic reactions, including innate immunity, autoimmunity, chronic inflammatory disorders and atherosclerosis. Signaling pathways of the mast cell response have been widely explored in the past but these are still linked with single a...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2007.06.007
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protection against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by vaccination is often ascribed to the presence of TB-reactive T cells in the lung before infection. Challenging this view, new studies analyzing vaccine-induced T cells in various tissue compartments after parenteral immunization suggest a poor correlation between the p...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2010.05.002
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three studies published in Cell Reports (Hinks et al., Lamichhane et al., and Leng et al.) describe the transcriptome of human and mouse mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells after cognate and noncognate stimulation. The results confirm the variability of MAIT cell effector functions and provide evidence of a ne...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2019.09.001
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
