Abstract：
:Microglia are brain macrophages that emerge from early erythro-myeloid precursors in the embryonic yolk sac and migrate to the brain mesenchyme before the blood brain barrier is formed. They seed the brain, and proliferate until they have formed a grid-like distribution in the central nervous system that is maintained throughout lifespan. The mechanisms through which these embryonic-derived cells contribute to microglia homoeostasis at steady state and upon inflammation are still not entirely clear. Here we review recent studies that provided insight into the contribution of embryonically-derived microglia and of adult 'microglia-like' cells derived from monocytes during inflammation. We examine different microglia depletion models, and discuss the origin of their rapid repopulation after depletion and outline important areas of future research.
journal_name
Trends Immunoljournal_title
Trends in immunologyauthors
Waisman A,Ginhoux F,Greter M,Bruttger Jdoi
10.1016/j.it.2015.08.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-01 00:00:00pages
625-636issue
10eissn
1471-4906issn
1471-4981pii
S1471-4906(15)00197-0journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are crucial in establishing the control of persistent virus infections. Population studies of HIV-1-infected individuals suggest that CD8(+) CTL responses targeting epitopes that take the greatest toll on virus replication are instrumental in immune control. A major questi...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2009.12.003
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complement is not only part of the innate immune system, but has also been implicated in adaptive immunity. The role of complement and its regulatory proteins in modulating T cell activity has been the focus of several recent studies. These, which have included work on the membrane co-factor protein (MCP or CD46), dec...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.12.008
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In many flowering plants, intraspecific barriers to self-fertilization ensure outbreeding by interrupting the path of pollen tube growth before egg-sperm interaction. These self-sterility or self-incompatibility (SI) systems are unique among recognition systems, in that they are based on the recognition and rejection ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.06.005
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In clinical practice, a successful patient-physician partnership can improve the outcome of treatment, especially in cases of chronic disease or cancer. To establish this partnership, physicians must explain treatment options and potential outcomes, but how to best do this when treatment is based on scientific princip...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2016.04.005
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein (Card)9 is a nonredundant adapter protein that functions in the innate immune system in the assembly of multifunctional signaling complexes. Together with B cell lymphoma (Bcl)10 and the paracaspase, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (Malt)1,...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2013.02.006
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One major determinant of systemic immunity during homeostasis and in certain complex multifactorial diseases (e.g. cancer and autoimmune conditions), is the gut microbiota. These commensals can shape systemic immune responses via translocation of metabolites, microbial cell wall components, and viable microbes. In the...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.12.005
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammation is usually considered as harmful; however, it is also necessary for tissue recovery after injury. Macrophages exert immune and nonimmune functions throughout this process. During skeletal muscle regeneration, they mount an inflammatory response while exerting trophic roles on muscle and mesenchymal stem c...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.04.006
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the recruitment and migration of circulating effector cells into sites of inflammation and immune responses. The unique CX(3)C-chemokine, fractalkine, is expressed on activated endothelial cells, and its receptor, CX(3)CR1, is expressed on natural killer cells, monocyte...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02051-8
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human immune system comprises cellular and molecular components designed to coordinately prevent infection while avoiding potentially harmful inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity varies with age, reflecting unique age-dependent challenges including fetal gestation, the neonatal phase, and infancy. Here, we revi...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2014.04.007
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immune 'checkpoint' inhibitors can increase the activity of tumor-resident cytotoxic lymphocytes and have revolutionized cancer treatment. Current therapies block inhibitory pathways in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and recent studies have shown similar programs in other effector populations such as natural killer (...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2018.12.003
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cell migration is crucial for intrathymic T-cell differentiation. Chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins per se induce thymocyte migration, and recent data suggest a combinatorial role for these molecules in this event. For example, thymocyte migration induced by fibronectin plus CXCL12/SDF1-alpha (stromal cell-...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02224-x
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The understanding of tumor-host interactions remains elusive despite significant progress in the identification of tumor antigens (TAs) recognized by autologous T cells. In particular, most human tumors do not regress and continue to grow in spite of spontaneous or immunization-induced immune responses demonstrated in...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00116-9
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oral tolerance is a well-characterized phenomenon in animals and is highly effective when induced as a treatment for experimental autoimmune disease. However, its use as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of autoimmune disease in humans has been disappointing. Much of the rationale for its use in humans is based...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01892-0
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite readily detectable virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in most HIV-infected patients, immune surveillance is eventually lost, leading to progression to AIDS. Recently developed insights into human T-cell differentiation have been used to study the phenotype of virus-specific T cells in HIV-infected individuals. Base...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02326-8
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many patients suffer from neuropathic pain as a result of injury to the peripheral nervous system (e.g. post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic neuropathy) or to the central nervous system (e.g. spinal cord injury or stroke). The most distinctive symptom of neuropathic pain is allodynia, whereby normally non-painful stimu...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.08.001
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Migration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is essential during embryonic development and throughout adult life. During embryogenesis, trafficking of HSCs is responsible for the sequential colonization of different hematopoietic organs by blood-producing cells. In adulthood, circulation of HSCs maintains homeostasis ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.06.011
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 contribute to host defense against infection by augmenting antimicrobial properties of phagocytes and initiating Th1 and Th17 adaptive immune responses. Protein complexes called inflammasomes activate intracellular caspase-1 autocatalytically, which cleaves the inactive precursors of I...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.01.003
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation-Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID) initiates affinity maturation and isotype switching by deaminating deoxycytidines within immunoglobulin genes, leading to somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). AID thus potentiates the humoral response to clear pathogens. Marking the 20th annivers...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.04.009
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primordial pathogen-recognition proteins that function as sentinels for the innate immune system. One of the TLR mysteries relates to TLR11, a receptor present in mice, but not humans, and known to recognize uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The first defined ligand for TLR11 has now been ...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2005.08.006
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) have been classified into distinct subsets based on phenotype and ontogeny. In the past few years, high throughput single-cell approaches have revealed further heterogeneity of human DCs, in particular at the transcriptomic level. Herein examined, are recent studies describing new human DC popula...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2020.10.002
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) represent the major migratory DC population in the intestinal lamina propria and are believed to play an essential role in the initiation and regulation of mucosal adaptive immune responses. Small intestine (SI) CD103(+) DCs have an enhanced capacity to generate the vitamin A metabolite,...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2011.10.001
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Langerhans cells (LCs) are classically viewed as unique antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that originate from embryonic precursors and maintain themselves independently in the epidermis. However, recent studies have demonstrated that murine LCs in mucosal epithelia arise and are continuously replenished from circulating...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2018.08.007
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in the understanding of medullary thymic epithelial cell biology, and especially of their promiscuous gene expression, have highlighted the indispensable role of thymic medulla in shaping a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Additionally, our recent results have shown that cortical thymic epithelial cell...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2008.03.003
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whether MHC restriction by the T cell receptor (TCR) is a product of evolutionary pressures leading to germline-encoded 'rules of engagement' remains avidly debated. Structural results derived from analysis of TCR-peptide-MHC complexes appear to support a model of physical specificity between TCR germline V regions an...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.05.005
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in brain function and declines with aging. A recent report demonstrates clonal T cell expansion within neurogenic niches of the aged brain, impairing neurogenesis through IFNγ signaling (Dulken et al.,Nature, 2019). These results highlight T cells as important contributors to...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.it.2019.07.007
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are responsible for the early production of type 2 cytokines at mucosal barriers upon exposure to allergen. Inflammatory tissue environmental cues can influence ILC2 activity, and this cellular population can be further categorized into subtypes with additional or altern...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2019.10.007
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophage polarization refers to development of a specific phenotype important for tissue homeostasis or host defense in response to environmental cues. Environmental factors that induce macrophage polarization include cytokines and microbial factors produced by pathogens or commensal microbiota. Signaling pathways u...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2012.11.001
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic-scale gene expression profiling can reveal cellular physiology with unprecedented richness. This technology is being used to define the gene expression targets of individual regulatory proteins and signaling pathways. Comprehensive databases of gene expression measurements can be used to understand the patholo...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01792-0
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has created an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine. There is still a dearth of knowledge about ZIKV immunity, but years of investigation into the immunobiology of other flaviviruses has helped to accelerate the development of a ZIKV vaccine. Although the humoral immune re...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.it.2017.05.004
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although therapy-mediated suppression of HIV-1 is effective and results in a degree of immune reconstitution, the complications resulting from life-long treatment emphasize the need for alternatives. This review discusses the use of structured interruptions in antiviral therapy to induce drug-free periods of immune-me...
journal_title：Trends in immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01809-3
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
