Abstract：
:The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are essential for promoting normal intestinal physiology. While the majority of commensal bacteria are found in the intestinal lumen, many species have also adapted to colonize different anatomical locations in the intestine, including the surface of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the interior of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These distinct tissue localization patterns permit unique interactions with the mammalian immune system and collectively influence intestinal immune cell homeostasis. Conversely, dysregulated localization of commensal bacteria can lead to inappropriate activation of the immune system and is associated with numerous chronic infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, regulatory mechanisms that control proper anatomical containment of commensal bacteria are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and limit pathology. In this review, we propose that commensal bacteria associated with the mammalian GI tract can be anatomically defined as (i) luminal, (ii) epithelial-associated, or (iii) lymphoid tissue-resident, and we discuss the role and regulation of these microbial populations in health and disease.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Fung TC,Artis D,Sonnenberg GFdoi
10.1111/imr.12186subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-07-01 00:00:00pages
35-49issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
260pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:As an essential mechanism for self-tolerance, immune suppression has attracted much attention since the discovery of suppressor T cells, now called regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the 1990s. Different types of Tregs have been described based on distinct expression patterns of surface markers and cytokines. Cytokines ar...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00407.x
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12707
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01577.x
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12537
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00700.x
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses have often been associated with autoimmune diseases. One mechanism by which self-destruction can be triggered is molecular mimicry. Many examples of cross-reactive immune responses between pathogens and self-antigens have been described. This review presents two transgenic models of autoimmune disease induced ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00913.x
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages play essential roles in tissue homeostasis, pathogen elimination, and tissue repair. A defining characteristic of these cells is their ability to efficiently adapt to a variety of abruptly changing and complex environments. This ability is intrinsically linked to a capacity to quickly alter their transcrip...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12213
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00067.x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines or early childhood exposure to infection mediate immunity, that is, improved resistance against disease and death caused by a second infection with the same agent. This has been explained by and equaled to immunological memory, that is, an "altered immune system behavior" that is maintained in a presumably an...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12648
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12611
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00050.x
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01196.x
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00179.x
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-cell development is a highly coordinated process that depends on interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelium, and bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Before entering the peripheral T-cell pool, thymocytes are subject to negative selection, a process that eliminates (or deletes) T cells with high a...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00348.x
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are the surface glycoproteins responsible for viral entry into host cells, the first step in the virus life cycle necessary to initiate infection. These glycoproteins exhibit a high degree of sequence variability and glycosy...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12005
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mouse retrovirus-induced lymphoma/leukemia and immunodeficiency are useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) and recombinant retroviruses, including the polytropic mink cytopathic focus-inducing type, have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for humoral and cellular im...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01298.x
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12082
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used for more than 50 years to combat hematologic malignancies. In addition to being the first stem cell therapy, transplantation has provided evidence for the potent anti-tumor effects of T cells. Facilitating T-cell-based immunity against malignancies requires a caref...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12142
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00245.x
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01238.x
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to iden...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00983.x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer cells are subjected to constant selection by the immune system, meaning that tumors that become clinically manifest have managed to subvert or hide from immunosurveillance. Immune control can be facilitated by induction of autophagy, as well as by polyploidization of cancer cells. While autophagy causes the rel...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12582
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1990.tb00572.x
更新日期：1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-cell development primarily occurs in the thymus and involves in the interactions of many important transcription factors. Until recently, no single transcription factor has been identified to be essential for T-cell lineage commitment or maintenance of T-cell identity. Recent studies have now identified the zinc fin...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00953.x
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expression of L3T4 and Lyt-2 cell surface molecules separates T cells into two broad, non-overlapping subsets: typical T helper cells are L3T4+ Lyt-2- whereas most T killer cells and their precursors are L3T4- Lyt-2+. This review compares highly purified populations of unprimed L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells for their cap...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01489.x
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
