The Syk family of protein tyrosine kinases in T-cell activation and development.

abstract：:Vaccines or early childhood exposure to infection mediate immunity, that is, improved resistance against disease and death caused by a second infection with the same agent. This has been explained by and equaled to immunological memory, that is, an "altered immune system behavior" that is maintained in a presumably an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zinkernagel RM

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inoculation of plasmid DNA is a simple way to immunize, but it is characterized by low immunogenicity, which has hampered the development of effective DNA vaccines for human use. Here, we discuss how poor immunogenicity can be solved and present our proposal: genetically programmed B lymphocytes as antigen-presenting ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zanetti M,Castiglioni P,Rizzi M,Wheeler M,Gerloni M

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian defense system can respond to a variety of threats, but this capability is not just a simple alarm system for triggering antigen-presenting cells and initiating cellular immunity. Instead, the body is an integrated system in which nearly every cell type can relay the alarm through the production of chemo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lo D,Feng L,Li L,Carson MJ,Crowley M,Pauza M,Nguyen A,Reilly CR

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mouse retrovirus-induced lymphoma/leukemia and immunodeficiency are useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) and recombinant retroviruses, including the polytropic mink cytopathic focus-inducing type, have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for humoral and cellular im...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Green WR

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The surface molecules that mediate activation of different subsets of T or NK cells have been reviewed. A suitable approach to the study of different lymphocyte activation pathways is provided by mAbs specific for these molecules. MAbs directed to the CD3 surface molecules mediate a polyclonal T-cell activation, where...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Moretta A,Ciccone E,Pantaleo G,Tambussi G,Bottino C,Melioli G,Mingari MC,Moretta L

更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past several years, we have been studying the circulating TCR gamma delta cells expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the TCR gamma delta heterodimers present on these TCR gamma delta cells identified 3 TCR gamma proteins, V gamma 2-C gamma 1, V gamma 1.2-C ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Bluestone JA,Cron RQ,Barrett TA,Houlden B,Sperling AI,Dent A,Hedrick S,Rellahan B,Matis LA

更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the human, most IgM+IgD+ as well as CD5+ peripheral blood B cells express unmutated V genes and thus can be assigned to a pre-germinal centre (GC) stage of development. The memory B-cell compartment generated in the GC reaction and characterized by cells bearing somatically mutated V-region genes consists not only ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Klein U,Goossens T,Fischer M,Kanzler H,Braeuninger A,Rajewsky K,Küppers R

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells (MC) are multipotent effector cells of the immune system. They contain an array of biologically active mediator substances in their granules. MC also express a number of functionally important cell surface antigens, including stem cell factor receptor (SCFR=kit=CD117), high affinity IgER (FcepsilonRI), or C...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Valent P,Schernthaner GH,Sperr WR,Fritsch G,Agis H,Willheim M,Bühring HJ,Orfao A,Escribano L

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available dr...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gotch F,Hardy G,Imami N

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have discussed four specific models which provide different kinds of information about the requirements for T cell activation. The first utilized a CTL clone designated L3, which is reactive specifically with Ld alloantigen, to study the involvement of the associative recognition structure Lyt-2 in cytolysis. The a...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lancki DW,Ma DI,Havran WL,Fitch FW

更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We first identified the RANTES chemokine as part of a search for genes expressed by T lymphocytes "late", 3-5 days, after T-cell activation. The kinetics of expression of RANTES and a small number of other genes are unusual and the mechanism of such delayed expression is unknown. In order to uncover a mechanism for su...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Song A,Nikolcheva T,Krensky AM

更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The preceding paragraphs describe several uses of specific antibodies to IL-1. Standard radioimmunoassays and ELISA procedures were developed with demonstrated utility in studies attempting to quantitate the cytokine in cell culture fluids. In part, antibody-based assays circumvent the problems associated with bioassa...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Gaffney EV,Anderson AE,Pfanenstiel YT,Koch GA

更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 share a common chain. Yet, their production in response to pathogens is differentially regulated, and their functions are distinct and often antithetic. IL-12 is involved in the induction or amplification of the T-helper (Th) type 1 response, whereas IL-23 has been associated with the ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Lyakh L,Trinchieri G,Provezza L,Carra G,Gerosa F

更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein and the delineation of its critical contributions in the establishment of central immune tolerance has significantly expanded our understanding of the immunological mechanisms that protect from the development of autoimmune disease. The parallel identification a...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Constantine GM,Lionakis MS

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zhang SY,Jouanguy E,Sancho-Shimizu V,von Bernuth H,Yang K,Abel L,Picard C,Puel A,Casanova JL

更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of respo...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Alarcón B,Gil D,Delgado P,Schamel WW

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Castro CD,Luoma AM,Adams EJ

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Olson BJ,Matsen FA 4th

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genes encoding several serum complement components and the gene(s) for steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) have been located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). All these genes are highly polymorphic in man, and these polymorphisms have been used to draw conclusions about the structure an...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： White PC,New MI,Dupont B

更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery that the recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins were capable of transposition in vitro, investigators have been trying to uncover instances of transposition in vivo and understand how this transposase has been harnessed to do useful work while being inhibited from causing deleterious chromoso...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Brandt VL,Roth DB

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aged animals and humans exhibit a decreased T-cell activation response although they also exhibit increased susceptibility to responses to self-antigens and a loss of self-tolerance. The age-related alteration in T-cell reactivity, polyclonal expansion of T cells, and enhanced production of autoantibodies may reflect ...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hsu HC,Scott DK,Mountz JD

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Non-human primate (NHP) models, especially involving macaques, are considered important models of human immunity and have been essential in preclinical testing for vaccines and therapeutics. Despite this, much less characterization of macaque Fc receptors has occurred compared to humans or mice. Much of the characteri...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Chenoweth AM,Trist HM,Tan PS,Wines BD,Hogarth PM

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inflammation underpins the development of atherosclerosis. Initiation and progression of vascular inflammation involves a complex cellular network, with macrophages as major contributors. Activated macrophages produce proinflammatory mediators, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, regulate lipid retention, and partici...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Yan ZQ,Hansson GK

更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:αβ T cells are an integral part of protective immunity against pathogens. After precursor cells arise in the adult bone marrow or fetal liver, they migrate to the thymus where they rearrange their T-cell receptor genes (TCR) and undergo selection on the basis of their interactions with ligands expressed by thymic stro...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Su LF,Davis MM

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, comple...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Hasenberg M,Stegemann-Koniszewski S,Gunzer M

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past two decades, structural biology has shown how T-cell receptors engage peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes and provided insight into the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity and cross-reactivity. Here we review and contextualize our contributions, which have emphasized the influe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Baker BM,Scott DR,Blevins SJ,Hawse WF

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determination of the crystal structure of class II: peptide complexes has shown that in addition to pocket interactions involving the side chains of the peptide, peptide binding to MHC class II molecules is characterized by a series of hydrogen bonds which are contributed by genetically conserved amino acid residues i...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Sant AJ,Beeson C,McFarland B,Cao J,Ceman S,Bryant PW,Wu S

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive resp...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Paust S,Senman B,von Andrian UH

更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Experiments with transgenic mice illustrate clonal elimination of T cells specific for antigens expressed appropriately in the thymus, but presence of inducible T cells when the antigen presented on class I MHC antigens is expressed exclusively on non-lymphohemopoietic cells in the periphery (pancreatic beta islet cel...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Zinkernagel RM,Pircher HP,Ohashi P,Oehen S,Odermatt B,Mak T,Arnheiter H,Bürki K,Hengartner H

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitric oxide, are produced in cells by a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. At high levels, both types of oxidants are used to kill ingested organisms within phagocytes. At low levels, RNOS may diffuse outside cells whe...

journal_title：Immunological reviews

authors： Swindle EJ,Metcalfe DD

更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00