Abstract:
:Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly important ways for antiviral immunity: they can be activated by nucleic acid agonists mimicking compounds produced during the viral cycle, and they are typically present within the cell, along the endocytic pathway, where they sense viral products in the intraluminal space. Investigations in mice have demonstrated that the TLR7/9-IFN and TLR3-IFN pathways are different and critical for protective immunity to various experimental viral infections. Investigations in humans with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) deficiency (unresponsive to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), UNC-93B deficiency (unresponsive to TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and TLR3 deficiency have recently shed light on the role of these two pathways in antiviral immunity in natural conditions. UNC-93B- and TLR3-deficient patients appear to be specifically prone to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, although clinical penetrance is incomplete, whereas IRAK-4-deficient patients appear to be normally resistant to most viruses, including HSV-1. These experiments of nature suggest that the TLR7-, TLR8-, and TLR9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is largely redundant in human antiviral immunity, whereas the TLR3-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is critical for primary immunity to HSV-1 in the central nervous system in children but redundant for immunity to most other viral infections.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Zhang SY,Jouanguy E,Sancho-Shimizu V,von Bernuth H,Yang K,Abel L,Picard C,Puel A,Casanova JLdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00564.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-01 00:00:00pages
225-36eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xpii
IMR564journal_volume
220pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) is a progressive combined immunodeficiency that can be distinguished from other combined immunodeficiencies or hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndromes in featuring (a) profound susceptibility to virus infections of the skin, with associated skin cancers, and (b) severe food allergies...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12723
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease causing high rates of hospitalizations in infants, significant morbidity in children and adults, and excess mortality in the elderly. Major barriers to vaccine development include early age of RSV infection, capacity of RSV to evade innate ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00972.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating an enormous array of pathogens due to the extremely diverse antigen receptor repertoire of T and B lymphocytes. However, the development of lymphocytes bearing receptors with unique specificities requires the generation of programmed double strand breaks (DSB...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00361.x
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type 2 immunity and allergic airway diseases. Abundantly expressed in lung epithelial cells, IL-33 plays critical roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. In innate immunity, IL-33 and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) provide an essent...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12552
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::TCR repertoire studies in RA have yielded conflicting data. These studies were initiated on the premise that clonal expression of T cells at the site of inflammation could serve as a target for immune therapies designed on the basis of the option to inactivate or eliminate the presumed pathogenic T cells. These analys...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00063.x
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitric oxide, are produced in cells by a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. At high levels, both types of oxidants are used to kill ingested organisms within phagocytes. At low levels, RNOS may diffuse outside cells whe...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00513.x
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The activation of the complement system by canonical and non-canonical mechanisms results in the generation of multiple C3 and C5 cleavage fragments including anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a as well as opsonizing C3b/iC3b. It is now well appreciated that anaphylatoxins not only act as pro-inflammatory mediators but as immu...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12473
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::For more than a century, immunologists and vaccinologists have existed in parallel universes. Immunologists have for long reveled in using 'model antigens', such as chicken egg ovalbumin or nitrophenyl haptens, to study immune responses in model organisms such as mice. Such studies have yielded many seminal insights a...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12099
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00547.x
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::NF-κB proteins were identified in the search for mechanisms that regulate B-lymphocyte-specific transcription of immunoglobulin κ light chain genes. Twenty-five years later, though the function of the κB site in the enhancer remains enigmatic, NF-κB proteins have been shown to have important roles in B-cell developmen...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01106.x
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (PCs). Nearly 40% of MM tumors have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations involving four recurrent chromosomal loci (oncogenes): 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (MMSET and FGFR3), and 16q23 (c-maf). Other MM tumors have Ig translocations...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00052.x
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell transplantation and tissue regeneration studies indicate a surprisingly broad developmental potential for lineage-committed hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Under these conditions HSCs transition into myocytes, neurons, hepatocytes or other types of nonhematopoietic effector cells. Equally impressive is the progr...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18703.x
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many tumors express antigens that can be specifically or selectively recognized by T lymphocytes, suggesting that T-cell-mediated immunity may be harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer. However, since tumors originate from normal cells and evolve within the context of self-tissues, the immune mechanisms that preven...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12166
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural killer (NK) cells of inbred mice reject allogeneic bone-marrow cells, and NK cells of F1 hybrid mice can reject parental bone-marrow cells (hybrid resistance). In some cases these patterns of rejection can be mimicked in vitro by utilizing IL-2 cultured NK effector cells and allogeneic or parental T-lymphoblas...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00937.x
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines or early childhood exposure to infection mediate immunity, that is, improved resistance against disease and death caused by a second infection with the same agent. This has been explained by and equaled to immunological memory, that is, an "altered immune system behavior" that is maintained in a presumably an...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12648
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis is damage and inflammation of the liver. It is triggered by both environmental and endogenous insults and is a platform for developing liver cirrhosis and cancer. Both innate and adaptive immune activation contribute to hepatic inflammation and disease. Viral hepatitis is the most common form of hepatitis an...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12279
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies in the last 20 years have given us a remarkable insight into the functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages which reflects their integral role in host defence, homeostasis and pathogenesis. Mouse genetics, transcriptomic and epigenetic studies have provided an ontogenic and molecular perspective to the...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12603
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) are key immune receptors responsible for the effective control of both humoral and innate immunity and are central to maintaining the balance between generating appropriate responses to infection and preventing autoimmunity. When this balance is lost, pathology results in increased susceptibility...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12341
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 20 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of natural killer (NK) cells. It has become clear that NK cells are regulated by a number of receptors with opposite functions that finely tune potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines that play a major role ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00651.x
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In addition to its effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, estrogen has important impact on the immune system and on bone. It has also been evident that the effects of estrogen on bone to a large extent are mediated via its action on immune cells. Estrogen has a dichotomous impact on the immune system by d...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00326.x
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells of the monocyte/macrophage system originate from the bone marrow, reach the organs via the blood, immigrate through postcapillary venules and further differentiate into organ-specific tissue macrophages. In rats and other species, activated monocytes/macrophages aggravate autoimmune reactions, rejection of non-v...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840104.x
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of immune cells to mediate an immune response is often triggered by potential 'danger' or 'stress' stimuli that the organism receives. Within the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) group was defined as group of kinases that activated by stimuli that ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00744.x
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer cells are subjected to constant selection by the immune system, meaning that tumors that become clinically manifest have managed to subvert or hide from immunosurveillance. Immune control can be facilitated by induction of autophagy, as well as by polyploidization of cancer cells. While autophagy causes the rel...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12582
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabete...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01308.x
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The initiation of T lymphocyte responses within secondary lymphoid organs involves interactions with different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies have revealed the complexity of microanatomical organization within lymphoid organs. Exactly how T cells and DCs locate each other and the type of cellular int...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12753
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00481.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immune defect caused by mutations in the Src homology 2 domain-containing gene 1A, which encodes the adapter protein, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). SAP is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cel...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00230.x
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Shc is a prototype adapter protein that is expressed from the earliest stages of T-cell development. Shc becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Expression of dominant negative forms of Shc in T-cell lines had also suggested a role for this adapter downstream of the TCR. However...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00025.x
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cells that escape negative selection in the thymus must be inactivated or eliminated in the periphery through a series of mechanisms that include the induction of anergy, dominant suppression by regulatory T cells, and peripheral deletion of self-reactive T cells. Calcium signaling plays a central role in the inductio...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00817.x
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00