Abstract:
:Genes encoding several serum complement components and the gene(s) for steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) have been located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). All these genes are highly polymorphic in man, and these polymorphisms have been used to draw conclusions about the structure and function of these genes. For example, electrophoretic polymorphisms of the fourth component of complement (C4) have been shown to be controlled by two closely linked genes, which also control expression of the red cell antigens Rodgers and Chido. Steroid 21-OH deficiency (D) can occur in several forms which differ in severity, and because of genetic linkage disequilibrium with different HLA antigens the inheritance of these forms is consistent with the existence of several alleles at a single locus. When severe 21-OH D occurs in association with the HLA haplotype A3;Bw47;DR7, there is a simultaneous null allele at one of the C4 loci. This was hypothesized to result from a single deletion or rearrangement affecting the 21-OH and C4 loci and perhaps the HLA-B gene as well. To test this hypothesis and identify the 21-OH gene, a cDNA clone was isolated which encoded the cytochrome P450 specific for steroid 21-hydroxylation in the bovine adrenal gland. This clone hybridized to two genes in normal human DNA, but to only one gene in DNA from an individual homozygous for A3;Bw47;DR7. All individuals heterozygous for A3;Bw47;DR7 carry a heterozygous deletion of a gene. These experiments showed that at least one structural gene for the cytochrome P450 specific for 21-hydroxylation is located in the MHC, probably very near the C4 genes, and a mutation in this gene results in 21-OH D. Cosmid clones have been used to locate the 21-OH genes both in man and mouse. In both species, there are two 21-OH genes, each located immediately 3' of one of the two C4 genes, and oriented in the same direction as the C4 genes. In man, the gene located 3' of the C4B gene is deleted in 21-OH D on the Bw47 haplotype, but the gene 3' of the C4A gene is deleted in hormonally normal individuals on the A1;B8;C4AQO;C4B1;DR3 haplotype. Thus the 21-OH B gene is normally active in man, but the 21-OH A gene is not.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
White PC,New MI,Dupont Bdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065x.1985.tb01148.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-10-01 00:00:00pages
123-50eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
87pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis is believed to be mediated by T cells specific for myelin antigens that circulate harmlessly in the periphery of healthy individuals until they are erroneously activated by an environmental stimulus. Upon activation, the T cells enter the central nervous system and orchestrate an immune response aga...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01016.x
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immune defect caused by mutations in the Src homology 2 domain-containing gene 1A, which encodes the adapter protein, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). SAP is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cel...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00230.x
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments with transgenic mice illustrate clonal elimination of T cells specific for antigens expressed appropriately in the thymus, but presence of inducible T cells when the antigen presented on class I MHC antigens is expressed exclusively on non-lymphohemopoietic cells in the periphery (pancreatic beta islet cel...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00601.x
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:SUMMARY:This volume covers many topics in the field of T-cell costimulation. The need for such a volume is testament to the growth of the field. From its beginning as a concept in the 1980s, we have now progressed to the point where many molecules now have functionally defined roles in T-cell costimulation. In addition...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00780.x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::NK cells express receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules that inhibit killing of potential target cells bearing appropriate class I allotypes. Here we review the membrane receptors on human NK cells that are known to initiate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and demonstrate regulation of these responses by the kille...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00947.x
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies on autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) induced by thymectomy on d3 (d3tx), and AOD induced by immunization with the ovary-specific zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3), have yielded the following results. First, female tolerance to pZP3 depends on the persistence of endogenous antigen (Ag). Second, following re...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1820111.x
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, we briefly cover the critical requirements for interleukin-7 (IL-7) in thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Part of the IL-7 effect is antiapoptotic or 'trophic' and we have studied the intracellular pathways involved in lymphocyte survival and death regulated by this cytokine. We r...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00050.x
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) play a critical role in development and normal physiology. Alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC patterns are common events in hematopoietic neoplasms. In this review, we begin by emphasizing the importance of 5-mC, 5-hmC, and their enzymatic modifiers in hematologic...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12242
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The epithelium of the human small intestine contains a large population of intraepithelial cytolytic alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) CD8 alpha beta T lymphocytes (IE-CTLs), whose main role is to sustain epithelial integrity by rapidly eliminating infected and damaged cells. In mouse, the recognition of inducible/modif...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00481.x
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of possible T cell activation outcomes resulting from T cell receptor (TCR) engagement suggests that the TCR is able to differentially activate a myriad of signaling pathways depending on the nature of the stimulus. The complex structural organization of the TCR itself could underlie this diversity of respo...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00017.x
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD69 has been known as an early activation marker of lymphocytes; whereas, recent studies demonstrate that CD69 also has critical functions in immune responses. Early studies using human samples revealed the involvement of CD69 in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. Moreover, murine disease models using Cd...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12559
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Superantigens (SAGs) are a class of disease-causing and immunostimulatory proteins of bacterial or viral origin that activate T cells by binding to the V beta domain of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The three-dimensional structure of the complex between a TCR beta chain (mouse V beta 8.2-J beta 2.1-C beta 1) and ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01196.x
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) is a progressive combined immunodeficiency that can be distinguished from other combined immunodeficiencies or hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndromes in featuring (a) profound susceptibility to virus infections of the skin, with associated skin cancers, and (b) severe food allergies...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12723
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable evidence that the conformation and stability of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is dependent upon high-affinity peptide ligation, but structural data for an empty MHC protein unfortunately is lacking. However, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specific...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00315.x
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viral infections may induce and sustain autoimmune processes via several and overlapping mechanisms. We outline how chronic inflammation, sustained by persisting viruses, may be "the prerequisite" for initiation and maintenance of the multistep process leading to autoimmunity. Chronic inflammation may favour priming o...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01204.x
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The infiltration of human tumors by T cells is a common phenomenon, and over the past decades, it has become increasingly clear that the nature of such intratumoral T-cell populations can predict disease course. Furthermore, intratumoral T cells have been utilized therapeutically in clinical studies of adoptive T-cell...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12140
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in teleost fish is structurally similar to that in mammals, comprising a series of variable gene segments upstream of two constant region genes coding for IgM and IgD. Atlantic salmon have been shown to possess two distinct heavy chain loci, related to the tetraploid ancestry of th...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01260.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly i...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00564.x
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complement is a humoral factor of innate immunity and plays important roles in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens. Mammalian complement consists of the classical (antibody-dependent), the alternative (antibody-independent) and the lectin (triggered by mannose-binding lectin) pathways of activation...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01250.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::After more than a decade of intensive research, the precise role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in determining the course of the infection remains open to argument. It is established that HIV-specific CTL appear early in the infection and are temporally associated with the...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01004.x
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Almost four decades of research into the role of human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) in susceptibility to spondyloarthritis has yet to yield a convincing answer. New results from an HLA-B27 transgenic rat model now demonstrate quite convincingly that CD8(+) T cells are not required for the inflammatory phenotype. Di...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00865.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nuclear-factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors are activated by a wide variety of stimuli in diverse cell types and control key aspects of immune function and development. Receptor-mediated activation of NF-κB appears to occur through two distinct signaling pathways termed as the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pat...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01059.x
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that control the maturation and production of interleukin-1 family members and play crucial roles in host defense against pathogens. However, dysregulated activation of inflammasomes is associated with intense inflammation, leading to the development of inflammatory diseases. T...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12613
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis is damage and inflammation of the liver. It is triggered by both environmental and endogenous insults and is a platform for developing liver cirrhosis and cancer. Both innate and adaptive immune activation contribute to hepatic inflammation and disease. Viral hepatitis is the most common form of hepatitis an...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12279
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptides derived from parasites are presented to T helper cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alpha beta heterodimeric cell-surface molecules. In mice and humans, the genes encoding these antigen-presenting molecules are known to be polymorphic and polygenic. Multiple loci for MHC class II A and B...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01270.x
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The individual role of pathogen-binding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antibody-binding Fc receptors (FcRs) during pathogenic infections has been studied extensively. However, combined activation of these different receptor classes has received little attention, even though they are triggered simultaneously when immun...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/imr.12333
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::IgG dimers occurring in therapeutic Ig preparations have been characterized as Id-anti-Id, in that the sites of interaction are localized to the distal tips of the Fab arms. The observation that such dimers are prevalent in Ig or Igi.v. prepared from large plasma pools, but absent in preparations from a single individ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00861.x
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a Th1-biased autoimmune response arises spontaneously against glutamic acid decarboxylase, concurrent with the onset of insulitis. Subsequently, Th1-type autoreactivity spreads intra- and intermolecularly to other beta-cell autoantigens (beta CAAs), suggesting that a spontaneous ...
journal_title:Immunological reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01214.x
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00