Abstract：
:The structure-function relationship of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) has been effectively studied by the combination of complementary DNA manipulation and single-channel current analysis. Previous work with chimaeras between the Torpedo californica and bovine AChR delta-subunits has shown that the region comprising the hydrophobic segment M2 and its vicinity contains an important determinant of the rate of ion transport through the AChR channel. It has also been suggested that this region is responsible for the reduction in channel conductance caused by divalent cations and that segment M2 contributes to the binding site of noncompetitive antagonists. To identify those amino acid residues that interact with permeating ions, we have introduced various point mutations into the Torpedo AChR subunit cDNAs to alter the net charge of the charged or glutamine residues around the proposed transmembrane segments. The single-channel conductance properties of these AChR mutants expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes indicate that three clusters of negatively charged and glutamine residues neighbouring segment M2 of the alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-subunits, probably forming three anionic rings, are major determinants of the rate of ion transport.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Imoto K,Busch C,Sakmann B,Mishina M,Konno T,Nakai J,Bujo H,Mori Y,Fukuda K,Numa Sdoi
10.1038/335645a0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-10-13 00:00:00pages
645-8issue
6191eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
335pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are associated with accumulation of PrP(Sc), a conformer of a cellular protein called PrP(C). PrP(Sc) is thought to replicate by imparting its conformation onto PrP(C) (ref. 1), yet conformational discrimination between PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) has remained elusive. Because depositi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35044100
更新日期：2000-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The protein TFIIB is a general transcription initiation factor that interacts with a promoter complex (D.DNA) containing the TATA-binding subunit (TFIID tau, or TBP) of TFIID to facilitate subsequent interaction with RNA polymerase II (ref. 2) through the associated TFIIF (ref. 3). The potential bridging function of T...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/363744a0
更新日期：1993-06-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Metastasis is the main cause of death in people with cancer. To colonize distant organs, circulating tumour cells must overcome many obstacles through mechanisms that we are only now starting to understand. These include infiltrating distant tissue, evading immune defences, adapting to supportive niches, surviving as ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/nature17038
更新日期：2016-01-21 00:00:00
abstract：:In contrast to double-stranded DNA, there has so far been little evidence that double-stranded RNA can undergo major conformational transitions. We have investigated the conformation in different conditions of the double-stranded RNA molecule poly(G-C).poly(G-C), by NMR, circular dichroism and absorbance spectroscopy....
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/311584a0
更新日期：1984-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Copy number variation (CNV) of DNA sequences is functionally significant but has yet to be fully ascertained. We have constructed a first-generation CNV map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in Europe, Africa or Asia (the HapMap collection). DNA from these ind...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05329
更新日期：2006-11-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcriptional silencing of the HM mating-type loci in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is caused by the localized formation of an altered chromatin structure, analogous to heterochromatin in higher eukaryotes. Silencing depends on cis-acting sequences, termed silencers, as well as several trans-acting factors, inc...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/381251a0
更新日期：1996-05-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The genetic architecture of brain structure and function is largely unknown. To investigate this, we carried out genome-wide association studies of 3,144 functional and structural brain imaging phenotypes from UK Biobank (discovery dataset 8,428 subjects). Here we show that many of these phenotypes are heritable. We i...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0571-7
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Where continental plates break apart, slip along multiple normal faults provides the required space for the Earth's crust to thin and subside. After initial rifting, however, the displacement on normal faults observed at the sea floor seems not to match the inferred extension. Here we show that crustal thinning can be...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04608
更新日期：2006-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The small martian satellites Phobos and Deimos orbit in synchronous rotation with inclinations of only 0.01 degrees and 0.92 degrees , respectively, relative to the planet's equatorial plane. Thus, an observer at near-equatorial latitudes on Mars could occasionally observe solar eclipses by these satellites (see ref. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03437
更新日期：2005-07-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Considerable attention has centered recently on the changes in neuron excitability and synaptic efficacy caused by certain biogenic amines and neuropeptides. These neuromodulators act at a wide variety of both central and peripheral targets, and bring about diverse biological results. In sensory pathways, modulation o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/326793a0
更新日期：1987-04-23 00:00:00
abstract：:The carbothermal reduction of silica into silicon requires the use of temperatures well above the silicon melting point (> or =2,000 degrees C). Solid silicon has recently been generated directly from silica at much lower temperatures (< or =850 degrees C) via electrochemical reduction in molten salts. However, the si...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05570
更新日期：2007-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The CD4 subset of cells displays helper/inducer activity and recognizes class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), while the CD8 subset recognizes class I MHC antigens and exhibits cytotoxic or suppressor function. Considerable functional as well as corresponding phenotypic heterogeneity exists w...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/330479a0
更新日期：1987-12-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Features that were once considered exclusive to modern birds, such as feathers and a furcula, are now known to have first appeared in non-avian dinosaurs. However, relatively little is known of the early evolutionary history of the hyperinflated brain that distinguishes birds from other living reptiles and provides th...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12424
更新日期：2013-09-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Thermoelectric materials are of interest for applications as heat pumps and power generators. The performance of thermoelectric devices is quantified by a figure of merit, ZT, where Z is a measure of a material's thermoelectric properties and T is the absolute temperature. A material with a figure of merit of around u...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35098012
更新日期：2001-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:A type Ia supernova is thought to be a thermonuclear explosion of either a single carbon-oxygen white dwarf or a pair of merging white dwarfs. The explosion fuses a large amount of radioactive (56)Ni (refs 1-3). After the explosion, the decay chain from (56)Ni to (56)Co to (56)Fe generates γ-ray photons, which are rep...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13672
更新日期：2014-08-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The innate immune defence of multicellular organisms against microbial pathogens requires cellular collaboration. Information exchange allowing immune cells to collaborate is generally attributed to soluble protein factors secreted by pathogen-sensing cells. Cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFNs), serve to alert...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature12640
更新日期：2013-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Several viral and bacterial live recombinant vaccine vehicles are being developed to produce a new generation of vaccines against a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. The human tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has features that make it a particularly attractive live recombina...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/351479a0
更新日期：1991-06-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The B cells of the immune system, which secrete antibodies against foreign antigens, are fully specific and effective only after maturation in lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Immunocompetent T cells play a crucial part in this process, but the molecular details of the way in which the two cell types interact h...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/367425a0
更新日期：1994-02-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The disease non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose resulting from a relative deficiency of insulin. It affects about 2% of the world's population and treatment of diabetes and its complications are an increasing health-care burden. Genetic factors are...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/384455a0
更新日期：1996-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:To identify cis-acting DNA elements involved in the activation of the alpha-fetoprotein gene during differentiation, modified copies of the gene were introduced into murine F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiation of the transformants to either parietal or visceral endoderm was accompanied by induction of the...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/310562a0
更新日期：1984-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The promoter for a weakly expressed constitutive gene, the lactose repressor gene (lacI), has been sequenced, along with an 'up' promoter mutation Iq. The 10-fold enhancement in I expression found in Iq is the result of a single base change at position -35. To facilitate the sequencing, the lacI gene was cloned in a s...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/274762a0
更新日期：1978-08-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The assessment of uncertainties in global warming projections is often based on expert judgement, because a number of key variables in climate change are poorly quantified. In particular, the sensitivity of climate to changing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere and the radiative forcing effects by aerosol...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/416719a
更新日期：2002-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The multi-disciplinary role of intermediate energy proton accelerators in pure and applied nuclear physics is discussed with particular reference to the experimental programmes at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) and SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research, Zurich). ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/270667a0
更新日期：1977-12-22 00:00:00
abstract：:In standard fluid dynamics, the density change associated with flow is often assumed to be negligible, implying that the fluid is incompressible. For example, this has been established for simple shear flows, where no pressure change is associated with flow: there is no volume deformation due to viscous stress and ine...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05119
更新日期：2006-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes by signalling the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters from intracellular membranes to the cell surface. The translocation of GLUT4 may involve signalling pathways that are both independent of and dependent on phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K). ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01246
更新日期：2002-12-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuromorphic computing draws inspiration from the brain to provide computing technology and architecture with the potential to drive the next wave of computer engineering1-13. Such brain-inspired computing also provides a promising platform for the development of artificial general intelligence14,15. However, unlike c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2782-y
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian neurons contain at least three types of excitatory amino-acid receptors, selectively activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or aspartate, (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate ((S)-AMPA) and kainate. An important aspect of NMDA receptors is their regulation by a variety of factors such...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/345347a0
更新日期：1990-05-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The amount of energy used to run a mile is nearly the same whether it is run at top speed or at a leisurely pace (although it is used more rapidly at the higher speed). This puzzling independence of energy cost and speed is found generally among running animals, although, on a per gram basis, cost is much higher for s...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/346265a0
更新日期：1990-07-19 00:00:00
abstract：:A decade ago, Lovelock and Whitfield raised the question of how much longer the biosphere can survive on Earth. They pointed out that, despite the current fossil-fuel induced increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the long-term trend should be in the opposite direction: as increased solar luminosity warms th...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/360721a0
更新日期：1992-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The growth and differentiation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is regulated by soluble growth hormones, of which interleukin-2 (IL-2) is considered to be of prime importance. Here we report that the lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor (BSF-1 or interleukin-4) also has profound effects on the generation of these func...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/326795a0
更新日期：1987-04-23 00:00:00
