Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells.

abstract：:The earliest cell fate decision in the mammalian embryo separates the extra-embryonic trophoblast lineage, which forms the fetal portion of the placenta, from the embryonic cell lineages. The body plan of the embryo proper is established only later at gastrulation, when the pluripotent epiblast gives rise to the germ ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Russ AP,Wattler S,Colledge WH,Aparicio SA,Carlton MB,Pearce JJ,Barton SC,Surani MA,Ryan K,Nehls MC,Wilson V,Evans MJ

更新日期：2000-03-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The intestinal tract maintains proper function by replacing aged cells with freshly produced cells that arise from a population of self-renewing intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In the mammalian intestine, ISC self renewal, amplification and differentiation take place along the crypt-villus axis, and are controlled by th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Takashima S,Mkrtchyan M,Younossi-Hartenstein A,Merriam JR,Hartenstein V

更新日期：2008-07-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite its widespread distribution on both lymphoid and myeloid cells, the biological role of the low-affinity immunoglobulin-G receptor, Fc gamma RII, is not fully understood. Defects in this receptor or its signalling pathway in B cells result in perturbations in immune-complex-mediated feedback inhibition of antib...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Takai T,Ono M,Hikida M,Ohmori H,Ravetch JV

更新日期：1996-01-25 00:00:00

abstract：:SEVERAL dioecious marine brown algae have been valuable in studying chemical communication during sexual reproduction. For example, female gametes of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Cutleria multifida and Fucus serratus secrete olefinic hydrocarbons into the seawater to attract male gametes(1-3). A more complex system is foun...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Müller DG,Gassmann G,Lüning K

更新日期：1979-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Homogeneous nucleation and subsequent cluster growth leads to the formation of new aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The nucleation of sulfuric acid and organic vapours is thought to be responsible for the formation of new particles over continents, whereas iodine oxide vapours have been implicated in particle form...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Sipilä M,Sarnela N,Jokinen T,Henschel H,Junninen H,Kontkanen J,Richters S,Kangasluoma J,Franchin A,Peräkylä O,Rissanen MP,Ehn M,Vehkamäki H,Kurten T,Berndt T,Petäjä T,Worsnop D,Ceburnis D,Kerminen VM,Kulmala M,O'D

更新日期：2016-09-22 00:00:00

abstract：:An outstanding question is how cells control the number and size of membrane organelles. The small GTPase Rab5 has been proposed to be a master regulator of endosome biogenesis. Here, to test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of endosome dependency on Rab5 and validated it by titrating down all three ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zeigerer A,Gilleron J,Bogorad RL,Marsico G,Nonaka H,Seifert S,Epstein-Barash H,Kuchimanchi S,Peng CG,Ruda VM,Del Conte-Zerial P,Hengstler JG,Kalaidzidis Y,Koteliansky V,Zerial M

更新日期：2012-05-23 00:00:00

abstract：:A soluble enzyme system has been discovered which specifically recognizes and replicates plasmids containing the Escherichia coli chromosomal origin, oriC. Electron microscopy has shown that plasmid replication begins at or near oriC from which it progresses bidirectionally to completion. Control of initiation of a cy...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kaguni JM,Fuller RS,Kornberg A

更新日期：1982-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Little is known about the biochemical or functional nature of the proteins encoded by the bcl-2 gene, which undergoes chromosomal translocation in approximately 85% of follicular lymphoma, 20% of diffuse large cell lymphoma and 10% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of B cells. Translocation of bcl-2 sequences from chro...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Haldar S,Beatty C,Tsujimoto Y,Croce CM

更新日期：1989-11-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes the survival of several populations of neurons, including sensory and motor neurons. Although CNTF is abundant in adult sciatic nerve, the mature protein lacks a signal sequence and is not secreted; therefore, it has been proposed to act as a lesion factor. The identificatio...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Curtis R,Adryan KM,Zhu Y,Harkness PJ,Lindsay RM,DiStefano PS

更新日期：1993-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Solitons are large-amplitude, spatially confined wave packets in nonlinear media. They occur in a wide range of physical systems, such as water surfaces, optical fibres, plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensates and magnetically ordered media. A distinguishing feature of soliton behaviour that is common to all systems, is th...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Demokritov SO,Serga AA,Demidov VE,Hillebrands B,Kostylev MP,Kalinikos BA

更新日期：2003-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Tectal polarity for retinal connections remains reversible long after the anatomical pattern of neural structures has been determined. Cells in the diencephalon seem to control this polarity. Following certain embryonic operations, the diencephalon developed behind the tectum. In such cases, the polarity of the retino...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chung SH,Cooke J

更新日期：1975-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Type-A γ-aminobutyric (GABAA) receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels with a very rich pharmacology. Some of their modulators, including benzodiazepines and general anaesthetics, are among the most successful drugs in clinical use and are common substances of abuse. Without reliable structural data, the mechanist...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Masiulis S,Desai R,Uchański T,Serna Martin I,Laverty D,Karia D,Malinauskas T,Zivanov J,Pardon E,Kotecha A,Steyaert J,Miller KW,Aricescu AR

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The uranyl ion (UO22+; U(VI) oxidation state) is the most common form of uranium found in terrestrial and aquatic environments and is a central component in nuclear fuel processing and waste remediation efforts. Uranyl capture from either seawater or nuclear waste has been well studied and typically relies on extremel...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Keener M,Hunt C,Carroll TG,Kampel V,Dobrovetsky R,Hayton TW,Ménard G

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dense plexuses of neurones containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been found in discrete areas of the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and urogenital system. In many of these locations VIP is concentrated in nerve endings, where...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Giachetti A,Said SI

更新日期：1979-10-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional materials has grown, displaying a broad range of electronic properties. Recent additions include semiconductors with spin-valley coupling, Ising superconductors that can be tuned into a quantum metal, possible Mott insulators with tunable charge-density wa...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Huang B,Clark G,Navarro-Moratalla E,Klein DR,Cheng R,Seyler KL,Zhong D,Schmidgall E,McGuire MA,Cobden DH,Yao W,Xiao D,Jarillo-Herrero P,Xu X

更新日期：2017-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The Nuffield Council on Bioethics suggests that introgression of genetic material into related species in centres of crop biodiversity is an insufficient justification to bar the use of genetically modified crops in the developing world. They consider that a precautionary approach to forgo the possible benefits invoke...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Celis C,Scurrah M,Cowgill S,Chumbiauca S,Green J,Franco J,Main G,Kiezebrink D,Visser RG,Atkinson HJ

更新日期：2004-11-11 00:00:00

abstract：:A wide range of receptors are located at the blood sinusoidal aspect of the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Many circulating ligands that bind to receptors on the cell surfaces are interiorized along two pathways. Asialoglycoproteins are transferred from the plasma membrane to lysosomes and degraded, whereas immunoglobuli...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Debanne MT,Evans WH,Flint N,Regoeczi E

更新日期：1982-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:A new process, antigenization of antibodies, consisting of the expression of oligopeptides in the hypervariable loops of an antibody molecule is described. The potential applications of antigenized antibodies are discussed. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zanetti M

更新日期：1992-01-30 00:00:00

abstract：:OTULIN (OTU deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity) removes linear polyubiquitin from proteins that have been modified by LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex) and is critical for preventing auto-inflammatory disease1,2 and embryonic lethality during mouse development3. Here we show that OTULIN promo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Heger K,Wickliffe KE,Ndoja A,Zhang J,Murthy A,Dugger DL,Maltzman A,de Sousa E Melo F,Hung J,Zeng Y,Verschueren E,Kirkpatrick DS,Vucic D,Lee WP,Roose-Girma M,Newman RJ,Warming S,Hsiao YC,Kőműves LG,Webster JD,Newto

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The travelling salesman problem is a classical problem in the field of combinatorial optimization, concerned with efficient methods for maximizing or minimizing a function of many independent variables. Given the positions of N cities, which in the simplest case lie in the plane, what is the shortest closed tour in wh...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Durbin R,Willshaw D

更新日期：1987-04-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of ribosomes in bacterial cells is a complex process that remains poorly characterized. The in vitro assembly of active ribosomal subunits from purified RNA and protein components indicates that all of the information for proper assembly resides in the primary sequences of these macromolecules. On the oth...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Nishi K,Morel-Deville F,Hershey JW,Leighton T,Schnier J

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activated T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells tailored to meet disparate challenges to host integrity. For example, type 1 and type 2 helper (T(H)1 and T(H)2) cells secrete cytokines that enhance cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) can ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gu L,Tseng S,Horner RM,Tam C,Loda M,Rollins BJ

更新日期：2000-03-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, an...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Cox PM,Harris PP,Huntingford C,Betts RA,Collins M,Jones CD,Jupp TE,Marengo JA,Nobre CA

更新日期：2008-05-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoclasts are the only somatic cells with bone-resorbing capacity and, as such, they have a critical role not only in normal bone homeostasis (called 'bone remodelling') but also in the pathogenesis of bone destructive disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. A major focus of research in the field ha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Ishii M,Egen JG,Klauschen F,Meier-Schellersheim M,Saeki Y,Vacher J,Proia RL,Germain RN

更新日期：2009-03-26 00:00:00

abstract：:c-Abl, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by agents that damage DNA. This activation results in either arrest of the cell cycle in phase G1 or apoptotic cell death, both of which are dependent on the kinase activity of c-Abl. p73, a member of the p53 family of tumour-suppressor proteins, can also induce apop...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Agami R,Blandino G,Oren M,Shaul Y

更新日期：1999-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Abundant data link hypercholesterolaemia to atherogenesis. However, only recently have we appreciated that inflammatory mechanisms couple dyslipidaemia to atheroma formation. Leukocyte recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines characterize early atherogenesis, and malfunction of inflammatory mediators m...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Libby P

更新日期：2002-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Osmotic pressures are generated by differences in chemical potential of a solution across a membrane. But whether osmosis can have a significant effect on the pressure of fluids in geological environments has been controversial, because the membrane properties of geological media are poorly understood. 'Anomalous' pre...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Neuzil CE

更新日期：2000-01-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop that provides a sustainable source of protein and oil worldwide. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a microscopic roundworm that feeds on the roots of soybean and is a major constraint to soybean production. This nematode causes more than US$1 ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Liu S,Kandoth PK,Warren SD,Yeckel G,Heinz R,Alden J,Yang C,Jamai A,El-Mellouki T,Juvale PS,Hill J,Baum TJ,Cianzio S,Whitham SA,Korkin D,Mitchum MG,Meksem K

更新日期：2012-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to differentiate stimuli predicting positive or negative outcomes is critical for survival, and perturbations of emotional processing underlie many psychiatric disease states. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) mediates the acquisition of associative memories, both positive and n...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Namburi P,Beyeler A,Yorozu S,Calhoon GG,Halbert SA,Wichmann R,Holden SS,Mertens KL,Anahtar M,Felix-Ortiz AC,Wickersham IR,Gray JM,Tye KM

更新日期：2015-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain into rhombomeres is important for the anterior-posterior arrangement of cranial motor nuclei and efferent nerves. Underlying this reiterated organization, Hox genes display segmentally restricted domains of expression, such as expression of Hoxb-1 (refs 5, 6) in rhombomere 4 (r...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Studer M,Lumsden A,Ariza-McNaughton L,Bradley A,Krumlauf R

更新日期：1996-12-19 00:00:00