Retrograde axonal transport of ciliary neurotrophic factor is increased by peripheral nerve injury.

abstract：:The effect of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud droplet concentrations and radiative properties is the source of one of the largest uncertainties in the radiative forcing of climate over the industrial period. This uncertainty affects our ability to estimate how sensitive the climate is to greenhouse gas emissions. Here...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Carslaw KS,Lee LA,Reddington CL,Pringle KJ,Rap A,Forster PM,Mann GW,Spracklen DV,Woodhouse MT,Regayre LA,Pierce JR

更新日期：2013-11-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryotic cells seem to use GTP hydrolysis to regulate vesicular traffic in exocytosis and endocytosis. The best evidence for this comes from studies on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have identified two small Ras-related GTP-binding proteins, Sec4p and Ypt1p, which control distinct stages of the secretory p...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Goud B,Zahraoui A,Tavitian A,Saraste J

更新日期：1990-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:High-harmonic generation by focusing a femtosecond laser onto a gas is a well-known method of producing coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light. This nonlinear conversion process requires high pulse intensities, greater than 10(13) W cm(-2), which are not directly attainable using only the output power of a femtoseco...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kim S,Jin J,Kim YJ,Park IY,Kim Y,Kim SW

更新日期：2008-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Multistranded DNA structures based upon guanine association have been proposed to be important in the structure of chromosome telomeres and in immunoglobulin class switching. Nucleic acids containing runs of guanine bases form a number of structures in vitro, including fold-back structures (Fig. 1a) and parallel-stran...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Aboul-ela F,Murchie AI,Lilley DM

更新日期：1992-11-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), as purified from fresh human platelets, is a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 30,000 composed of two disulphide-linked subunit chains of similar size, named A and B (ref. 1). The dimer structure of PDGRF seems to be important for its biological effects, as reduction irreve...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Heldin CH,Johnsson A,Wennergren S,Wernstedt C,Betsholtz C,Westermark B

更新日期：1986-02-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytotoxic T cells lyse only those virus infected target cells in vitro which express, in addition to the viral antigen(s), those K or D region products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which were present during anti-viral sensitisation in vivo. This 'associative recognition' by cytotoxic T cells could ref...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Koszinowski U,Gething MJ,Waterfield M

更新日期：1977-05-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic transmission is maintained by a delicate, sub-synaptic molecular architecture, and even mild alterations in synapse structure drive functional changes during experience-dependent plasticity and pathological disorders. Key to this architecture is how the distribution of presynaptic vesicle fusion sites corresp...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Tang AH,Chen H,Li TP,Metzbower SR,MacGillavry HD,Blanpied TA

更新日期：2016-08-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Mammalian cells proteolytically release (shed) the extracellular domains of many cell-surface proteins. Modification of the cell surface in this way can alter the cell's responsiveness to its environment and release potent soluble regulatory factors. The release of soluble tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Black RA,Rauch CT,Kozlosky CJ,Peschon JJ,Slack JL,Wolfson MF,Castner BJ,Stocking KL,Reddy P,Srinivasan S,Nelson N,Boiani N,Schooley KA,Gerhart M,Davis R,Fitzner JN,Johnson RS,Paxton RJ,March CJ,Cerretti DP

更新日期：1997-02-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global climate change. Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem, tha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Smith SD,Huxman TE,Zitzer SF,Charlet TN,Housman DC,Coleman JS,Fenstermaker LK,Seemann JR,Nowak RS

更新日期：2000-11-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses that bring about resistance to infection and silencing or tolerance to self. In the settings of infection and cancer, microbes and tumours can exploit DCs to evade immunity, but DCs also can generate resistance, a capacity that is readily enhanced with...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Steinman RM,Banchereau J

更新日期：2007-09-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of viscid silk in aerial webs as a means to capture prey was a key innovation of araneoid spiders and has contributed largely to their ecological success. Here I describe a single silk thread from a spider's web that bears glue droplets and has been preserved in Lebanese amber from the Early Cretaceous period ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zschokke S

更新日期：2003-08-07 00:00:00

abstract：:A parliamentary and union delegation has expressed to the British government its concern over the possible demise of the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group (GMAG). The delegation proposed that GMAG continue to ensure the safe development of recombinant DNA technology and extend its role to cover the ethics of human ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wynn J

更新日期：1982-09-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptosis (programmed cell death), an essential process in the development and homeostasis of metazoans, is carried out by caspases. The mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO performs a critical function in apoptosis by eliminating the inhibitory effect of IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) on caspases. Here we show t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chai J,Du C,Wu JW,Kyin S,Wang X,Shi Y

更新日期：2000-08-24 00:00:00

abstract：: ...

journal_title：Nature

authors：

更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The radiation of the mammals provides a 165-million-year test case for evolutionary theories of how species occupy and then fill ecological niches. It is widely assumed that species often diverge rapidly early in their evolution, and that this is followed by a longer, drawn-out period of slower evolutionary fine-tunin...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Venditti C,Meade A,Pagel M

更新日期：2011-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Certain bacteria promote the formation of ice in super-cooled water by means of ice nucleators which contain a unique protein associated with the cell membrane. Ice nucleators in general are believed to act by mimicking the structure of an ice crystal surface, thus imposing an ice-like arrangement on the water molecul...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Parody-Morreale A,Murphy KP,Di Cera E,Fall R,DeVries AL,Gill SJ

更新日期：1988-06-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The standard form of back-propagation learning is implausible as a model of perceptual learning because it requires an external teacher to specify the desired output of the network. We show how the external teacher can be replaced by internally derived teaching signals. These signals are generated by using the assumpt...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Becker S,Hinton GE

更新日期：1992-01-09 00:00:00

abstract：:During an immune response, hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells proliferating within germinal centres (GCs) generates variant antibodies that react with higher affinity against either foreign or self antigens. Several experiments suggest that self-reactive B cells may be censored at this stage of the immun...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shokat KM,Goodnow CC

更新日期：1995-05-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Mating and egg laying are tightly cooordinated events in the reproductive life of all oviparous females. Oviposition is typically rare in virgin females but is initiated after copulation. Here we identify the neural circuitry that links egg laying to mating status in Drosophila melanogaster. Activation of female-speci...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wang F,Wang K,Forknall N,Patrick C,Yang T,Parekh R,Bock D,Dickson BJ

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A timescale is necessary for estimating rates of molecular and morphological change in organisms and for interpreting patterns of macroevolution and biogeography. Traditionally, these times have been obtained from the fossil record, where the earliest representatives of two lineages establish a minimum time of diverge...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kumar S,Hedges SB

更新日期：1998-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:The emission of isoprene from the leaves of forest trees is a fundamental component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions, controlling many aspects of photochemistry in the lower atmosphere. As almost all commercial agriforest species emit high levels of isoprene, proliferation of agriforest plantations has significant...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Rosenstiel TN,Potosnak MJ,Griffin KL,Fall R,Monson RK

更新日期：2003-01-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-5 (IL-5) specifically induces the differentiation of eosinophils, which are important in host defence and the pathogenesis of allergies and asthma. Structurally, IL-5 is a unique member of the short-chain helical-bundle subfamily of cytokines whose canonical motif contains four helices (A-D) arranged in an...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dickason RR,Huston DP

更新日期：1996-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Abyssal-hill-bounding faults that pervade the oceanic crust are the most common tectonic feature on the surface of the Earth. The recognition that these faults form at plate spreading centres came with the plate tectonic revolution. Recent observations reveal a large range of fault sizes and orientations; numerical mo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Buck WR,Lavier LL,Poliakov AN

更新日期：2005-04-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Sodium channels in plasma membranes can be blocked by a large variety of toxins and local anaesthetics. This property, however, is not confined to relatively large molecules. For instance, extracellularly applied small ions like hydrogen may also prevent the passive transport of permeant cations across open Na+ channe...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Wanke E,Carbone E,Testa PL

更新日期：1980-09-04 00:00:00

abstract：:The limited ranges of the wild progenitors of many of the primary European domestic species point to their origins further east in Anatolia or the fertile crescent. The wild ox (Bos primigenius), however, ranged widely and it is unknown whether it was domesticated within Europe as one feature of a local contribution t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Troy CS,MacHugh DE,Bailey JF,Magee DA,Loftus RT,Cunningham P,Chamberlain AT,Sykes BC,Bradley DG

更新日期：2001-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Estimates of the total number of bacterial species indicate that existing DNA sequence databases carry only a tiny fraction of the total amount of DNA sequence space represented by this division of life. Indeed, environmental DNA samples have been shown to encode many previously unknown classes of proteins and RNAs. B...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Weinberg Z,Perreault J,Meyer MM,Breaker RR

更新日期：2009-12-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The properties of synapses between retinal neurons make an essential contribution to early visual processing. Light produces a graded hyperpolarization in photoreceptors, up to 25 mV in amplitude, and it is conventionally assumed that all of this response range is available for coding visual information. We report her...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Attwell D,Borges S,Wu SM,Wilson M

更新日期：1987-08-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Important Ca2+ signals in the cytosol and organelles are often extremely localized and hard to measure. To overcome this problem we have constructed new fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ that are genetically encoded without cofactors and are targetable to specific intracellular locations. We have dubbed these fluorescen...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Miyawaki A,Llopis J,Heim R,McCaffery JM,Adams JA,Ikura M,Tsien RY

更新日期：1997-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：: ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hills R,Kulkarni G,Meerburg PD,Puchwein E

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The product of the bacteriophage Mu gene mom modifies adenine residues of DNA within the consensus sequence CGAGCNPy, providing protection against various restriction endonucleases (ref. 1 and D. Kamp, personal communication cited in ref. 2). The mom gene is only expressed during lytic development of the phage. It is ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Plasterk RH,Vrieling H,Van de Putte P

更新日期：1983-01-27 00:00:00