Abstract：
:Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments formed after infection where activated B cells can mutate their B-cell receptors to undergo affinity maturation. A stringent process of selection allows high affinity, non-self-reactive B cells to become long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells. While the precise mechanism of selection is still poorly understood, the last decade has advanced our understanding of the role of T cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in GC B-cell formation and selection. T cells and non-T-cell-derived CD40 ligands on FDCs are essential for T-dependent (TD) and T-independent GC formation, respectively. TD-GC formation requires Bcl-6-expressing T cells capable of signaling through SAP, which promotes formation of stable T:B conjugates. By contrast, differentiation of B blasts along the extrafollicular pathway is less dependent on SAP. T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived CD40L, interleukin-21, and interleukin-4 play important roles in GC B-cell proliferation, survival, and affinity maturation. A role for FDC-derived integrin signals has also emerged: GC B cells capable of forming an immune synapse with FDCs have a survival advantage. This emerges as a powerful mechanism to ensure death of B cells that bind self-reactive antigen, which would not normally be presented on FDCs.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Vinuesa CG,Linterman MA,Goodnow CC,Randall KLdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00937.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-09-01 00:00:00pages
72-89issue
1eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xpii
IMR937journal_volume
237pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00909.x
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mast cells (MCs) are major effector cells of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic inflammation. However, it has become increasingly clear that they also play important roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Recent advances have focused on the importance of MCs in both innate and adaptive immune...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00279.x
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a life-saving intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Immune restoration after ART dramatically reduces the incidence and severity of opportunistic diseases and death. On some occasions, immune restoration may be erratic, leading to acute inflammatory responses (kn...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12064
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian Dok protein family has seven members (Dok-1-Dok-7). The Dok proteins share structural similarities characterized by the NH2-terminal pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domains followed by SH2 target motifs in the COOH-terminal moiety, indicating an adapter function. Indeed, Dok-1 was origina...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00844.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to iden...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00983.x
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccines need to be rationally designed in order be delivered to the immune system for maximizing induction of dynamic immune responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are ideal platforms for such 3D vaccines, as they allow the display of complex and native antigens in a highly repetitive form on their surface and can ea...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12863
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TCR repertoire studies in RA have yielded conflicting data. These studies were initiated on the premise that clonal expression of T cells at the site of inflammation could serve as a target for immune therapies designed on the basis of the option to inactivate or eliminate the presumed pathogenic T cells. These analys...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00063.x
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12296
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review we address questions which must be considered if better attempts are to be made to treat all persons presently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are thirty million people in the world presently living with HIV, only 10% of whom are likely to be able to access currently available dr...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01337.x
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Considerable progress has been made in defining intermediate stages in the process leading from stem cells to mature B cells. Cell-bound and secreted molecules direct the progression through these stages and regulate the selection of clones from which the immune repertoire emerges. In fact, a myriad of signals derived...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mammalian defense system can respond to a variety of threats, but this capability is not just a simple alarm system for triggering antigen-presenting cells and initiating cellular immunity. Instead, the body is an integrated system in which nearly every cell type can relay the alarm through the production of chemo...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01318.x
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schistosomiasis is a serious global helminthic disease, in which the main immunopathology consists of a granulomatous and fibrosing reaction against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The severity of this inflammatory process, the product of a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immune response against parasite egg antigens, is, howeve...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00197.x
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past several years, we have been studying the circulating TCR gamma delta cells expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the TCR gamma delta heterodimers present on these TCR gamma delta cells identified 3 TCR gamma proteins, V gamma 2-C gamma 1, V gamma 1.2-C ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00585.x
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newfound relatives of the classical Fc receptors (FcR) have been provisionally named the Fc receptor homologs (FcRH). The recent identification of eight human and six mouse FcRH genes substantially increases the size and functional potential of the FcR family. The extended family of FcR and FcRH genes spans approximat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.19009.x
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:GITR [glucocorticoid inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein] and 4-1BB are costimulatory TNFR family members that are expressed on regulatory and effector T cells as well as on other cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the role of GITR and 4-1BB on T cells during viral infections and i...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01063.x
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The co-evolution of papillomaviruses (PV) and their mammalian hosts has produced mechanisms by which PV might avoid specific and non-specific host immune responses. Low level expression of PV proteins in infected basal epithelial cells, together with an absence of inflammation and of virus-induced cell lysis, restrict...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01288.x
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycle, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force, but display variable substrate rigidities to the blood and lymphati...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12122
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the quest for effective immunization against complex diseases such as cancer, parasitic diseases, AIDS, and other viral infections, numerous peptides and recombinant proteins have been synthesized, examined for the ability to induce antibodies and CTLs, and tested for binding capability and therapeutic or prophylac...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00075.x
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a family of effectors in innate immunity and regulators of tissue remodeling that have a cytokine and transcription factor expression pattern that parallels that of the T-helper (Th) cell family. Here, we discuss how ILCs can be categorized and summarize the current knowledge of...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12034
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eosinophils play a prominent pro-inflammatory role in allergic inflammation. Studies utilizing flow chambers, intravital video-microscopy, and cytokine and adhesion molecule-deficient mice have provided important insight into the mechanisms of eosinophil trafficking in inflamed blood vessels and into tissues in vivo. ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.790116.x
更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clarifying the signals that lead to dendritic cell (DC) development and identifying cellular intermediates on their way to DC differentiation are essential steps to understand the dynamic regulation of number, localization, and functionality of these cells. In the past decade, much knowledge on cytokines, transcriptio...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00877.x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are two distinct pathways by which T cells may recognize MHC alloantigens. The direct pathway involves T-cell recognition of intact MHC molecules expressed by donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The second, or indirect, pathway describes T-cell recognition of peptides derived from the processing and presentat...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01224.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chemokines control selective targeting of circulating leukocytes to the microvasculature by triggering inside-out signal transduction pathways leading to integrin-dependent adhesion. Integrin activation by chemokines is very rapid, is downmodulated within minutes and appears to involve both enhanced heterodimer latera...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18604.x
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies in the last 20 years have given us a remarkable insight into the functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages which reflects their integral role in host defence, homeostasis and pathogenesis. Mouse genetics, transcriptomic and epigenetic studies have provided an ontogenic and molecular perspective to the...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12603
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple sclerosis is believed to be mediated by T cells specific for myelin antigens that circulate harmlessly in the periphery of healthy individuals until they are erroneously activated by an environmental stimulus. Upon activation, the T cells enter the central nervous system and orchestrate an immune response aga...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01016.x
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells of the monocyte/macrophage system originate from the bone marrow, reach the organs via the blood, immigrate through postcapillary venules and further differentiate into organ-specific tissue macrophages. In rats and other species, activated monocytes/macrophages aggravate autoimmune reactions, rejection of non-v...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840104.x
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have discussed some aspects of the structure of the normal immune system, particularly the B-cell compartment. We have argued: that a basic property of the natural antibody repertoire is constituted by high degrees of connectivity within the immune system as well as between the system and other components of the or...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00028.x
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Guanine nucleotide binding proteins rapidly cycle between a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state, and they operate as binary switches that control cell activation in response to environmental cues. GTPases adopt different conformations when binding GTP vs. GDP. The GTP-bound s...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00028.x
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Determination of the crystal structure of class II: peptide complexes has shown that in addition to pocket interactions involving the side chains of the peptide, peptide binding to MHC class II molecules is characterized by a series of hydrogen bonds which are contributed by genetically conserved amino acid residues i...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01369.x
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mouse retrovirus-induced lymphoma/leukemia and immunodeficiency are useful models for analogous human diseases. Both ecotropic (mouse tropic) and recombinant retroviruses, including the polytropic mink cytopathic focus-inducing type, have been studied for disease pathogenesis and as targets for humoral and cellular im...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01298.x
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
