Abstract:
:Sex in birds is chromosomally based, as in mammals, but the sex chromosomes are different and the mechanism of avian sex determination has been a long-standing mystery. In the chicken and all other birds, the homogametic sex is male (ZZ) and the heterogametic sex is female (ZW). Two hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of avian sex determination. The W (female) chromosome may carry a dominant-acting ovary determinant. Alternatively, the dosage of a Z-linked gene may mediate sex determination, two doses being required for male development (ZZ). A strong candidate avian sex-determinant under the dosage hypothesis is the conserved Z-linked gene, DMRT1 (doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1). Here we used RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down DMRT1 in early chicken embryos. Reduction of DMRT1 protein expression in ovo leads to feminization of the embryonic gonads in genetically male (ZZ) embryos. Affected males show partial sex reversal, characterized by feminization of the gonads. The feminized left gonad shows female-like histology, disorganized testis cords and a decline in the testicular marker, SOX9. The ovarian marker, aromatase, is ectopically activated. The feminized right gonad shows a more variable loss of DMRT1 and ectopic aromatase activation, suggesting differential sensitivity to DMRT1 between left and right gonads. Germ cells also show a female pattern of distribution in the feminized male gonads. These results indicate that DMRT1 is required for testis determination in the chicken. Our data support the Z dosage hypothesis for avian sex determination.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Smith CA,Roeszler KN,Ohnesorg T,Cummins DM,Farlie PG,Doran TJ,Sinclair AHdoi
10.1038/nature08298subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-09-10 00:00:00pages
267-71issue
7261eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature08298journal_volume
461pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::The erosion of mountain belts controls their topographic and structural evolution and is the main source of sediment delivered to the oceans. Mountain erosion rates have been estimated from current relief and precipitation, but a more complete evaluation of the controls on erosion rates requires detailed measurements ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02150
更新日期:2003-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::Cellulose is the major polysaccharide component of plant cell walls and is the most abundant organic compound on the planet. A number of bacterial and fungal organisms can use cellulose as a food source, possessing cellulases (cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases) that can catalyse the hydrolysis of the beta-(1,4) gl...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/365362a0
更新日期:1993-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature22794. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/nature25162
更新日期:2018-03-08 00:00:00
abstract::Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature and solvent composition have potential applications in biomedicine and the creation of 'intelligent' materials systems, for example as media for drug delivery, separation processes and protein imm...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/21619
更新日期:1999-06-24 00:00:00
abstract::Among the pathological effects in man following infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a transient autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of high-titre erythrocyte autoantibodies (cold agglutinins). These autoantibodies are usually directed against the carbohydrate antigen termed I (ref. 3) which consists ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/307560a0
更新日期:1984-02-09 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial pathogens trigger specialized virulence factor secretion systems on encountering host cells. The ESX-1 protein secretion system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the causative agent of the human disease tuberculosis-delivers bacterial proteins into host cells during infection and is critical for virulence, but h...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07219
更新日期:2008-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::The development of immunologic interventions that can target the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals is a major goal of HIV-1 research. However, little evidence exists that the viral reservoir can be sufficiently targeted to improve virologic control following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. Here ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature20583
更新日期:2016-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Periodic somite segmentation in vertebrate embryos is controlled by the 'segmentation clock', which consists of numerous cellular oscillators. Although the properties of a single oscillator, driven by a hairy negative-feedback loop, have been investigated, the system-level properties of the segmentation clock remain l...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04861
更新日期:2006-06-08 00:00:00
abstract::The tropical forests of Borneo and Amazonia may each contain more tree species diversity in half a square kilometre than do all the temperate forests of Europe, North America, and Asia combined. Biologists have long been fascinated by this disparity, using it to investigate potential drivers of biodiversity. Latitudin...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24038
更新日期:2017-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::Electrophoretic studies suggest that bacterial populations consist of a number of independent clones and that genetic recombination is rare in nature. But DNA sequencing reveals that individual bacterial genes have a mosaic structure that could have arisen only by recombination. How can these observations be reconcile...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/349029a0
更新日期:1991-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::Growth factors raise intracellular pH (pHi) by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in the absence of HCO3-. In mutant cells that lack the Na+/H+ exchange activity, this alkalinization does not occur, and the cells do not proliferate without artificial elevation of pHi. It has therefore been widely suggested that an early pHi ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/337648a0
更新日期:1989-02-16 00:00:00
abstract::T cells recognize foreign proteins as peptides bound to self molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The kinetics of interaction between purified class II MHC molecules and peptides is unusual, in that the rate of association is very slow, but once formed, the complexes are extremely stable. T...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/342800a0
更新日期:1989-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/324154a0
更新日期:1986-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the human retrovirus associated with AIDS in West Africa, HIV-2, shows that it is evolutionarily distant from the previously characterized HIV-1. We suggest that these viruses existed long before the current AIDS epidemics. Their biological properties are conserved in spite of li...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/326662a0
更新日期:1987-04-16 00:00:00
abstract::Olefin chemistry, through pericyclic reactions, polymerizations, oxidations, or reductions, has an essential role in the manipulation of organic matter. Despite its importance, olefin synthesis still relies largely on chemistry introduced more than three decades ago, with metathesis being the most recent addition. Her...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature22307
更新日期:2017-05-11 00:00:00
abstract::Although the regeneration of nervous tissue in the vertebrate is very limited, there are a few remarkable examples of this process. Understanding the factors that regulate CNS regeneration in those areas of the nervous system where it occurs, will doubtless provide generally applicable, essential information about the...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/330068a0
更新日期:1987-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::The instruction of the immune system to be tolerant of self, thereby preventing autoimmunity, is facilitated by the education of T cells in a specialized organ, the thymus, in which self-reactive cells are either eliminated or differentiated into tolerogenic Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. However, it is unknown...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10434
更新日期:2011-09-21 00:00:00
abstract::The polarized architecture of epithelial cells depends on the highly stereotypic distribution of cellular junctions and other membrane-associated protein complexes. In epithelial cells of the Drosophila embryo, three distinct domains subdivide the lateral plasma membrane. The most apical one comprises the subapical co...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/414638a
更新日期:2001-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAB) are involved in the modulation of synaptic responses in the central nervous system and have been implicated in neuropsychological conditions that range from addiction to psychosis1. GABAB belongs to class C of the G-protein-coupled receptors, and its functional entity...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2408-4
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between the semantic processing of words and of pictures is a matter of debate among cognitive scientists. We studied the functional anatomy of such processing by using positron-emission tomography (PET). We contrasted activity during two semantic tasks (probing knowledge of associations between conce...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/383254a0
更新日期:1996-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::The creation of neural circuits depends on the formation of synapses between specific sets of neurons. Little is known, however, of the molecular mechanisms governing synaptic choice. A mutation in the unc-4 gene alters the pattern of synaptic input to one class of motor neurons in the Caenorhabditis elegans ventral n...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/355841a0
更新日期:1992-02-27 00:00:00
abstract::Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and microbial DNA through endosomal Toll-like receptors to produce type 1 interferons. pDCs do not normally respond to self-DNA, but this restriction seems to break down in human autoimmune disease by an as yet poorly understood mechanism. Here we identify the antimicrob...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06116
更新日期:2007-10-04 00:00:00
abstract::Genome instability is central to ageing, cancer and other diseases. It is not only proteins involved in DNA replication or the DNA damage response (DDR) that are important for maintaining genome integrity: from yeast to higher eukaryotes, mutations in genes involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in the biogenesis and expor...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature13374
更新日期:2014-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::The normal cellular form of prion protein (PrPC) is a precursor to the pathogenic protease-resistant forms (PrPSc) believed to cause scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Its amino terminus contains the octapeptide PHGGGWGQ, which is repeated four times and is among the best-pr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/37783
更新日期:1997-12-18 00:00:00
abstract::In Drosophila melanogaster, the rRNA genes (rDNA) are clustered at single sites on two non-homologous chromosomes, the X and Y. Examination of the structure of X and Y rDNAs with restriction endonucleases reveals that the X rDNA contains repeating units not present in the Y. Such observations, as well as genetic evide...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/263027a0
更新日期:1976-09-02 00:00:00
abstract::Despite decades of research, the identity of the cells generating the first haematopoietic cells in mammalian embryos is unknown. Indeed, whether blood cells arise from mesodermal cells, mesenchymal progenitors, bipotent endothelial-haematopoietic precursors or haemogenic endothelial cells remains controversial. Proxi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07760
更新日期:2009-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) that occur in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were screened for activation of cellular oncogenes. Enhanced expression and allelic alterations of the c-myc oncogene were found in three HCC out of nine. Variations in the size of the c-myc transcripts, ra...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/324276a0
更新日期:1986-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::A safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19 is urgently needed in quantities sufficient to immunise large populations. We report the preclinical development of two BNT162b vaccine candidates, which contain lipid-nanoparticle (LNP) formulated nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-derived imm...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03275-y
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric G(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade through both the alpha- and betagamma-subunits of G(i). The betagamma-subunit activates the ERK/MAPK cascade through tyrosine kinase. Constituti...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/23738
更新日期:1999-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Strong interactions between electrons in a solid material can lead to surprising properties. A prime example is the Mott insulator, in which suppression of conductivity occurs as a result of interactions rather than a filled Bloch band. Proximity to the Mott insulating phase in fermionic systems is the origin of many ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07244
更新日期:2008-09-11 00:00:00