Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To provide an update on the origin of the HIV epidemic and insights into how the immune response is shaping virus evolution. RECENT FINDINGS:Characterization of archival samples showed that by the 1960s, HIV had already diverged within humans. It is now estimated that HIV has been in humans since at least the early 1900s. However, despite the potential for different divergent viruses to spread, surprisingly few viruses successfully expanded to cause the global epidemic. In approximately 80% of cases, productive infection is the result of infection with only a single virus or single virus-infected cell. After transmission, HIV evolves at a rapid rate driven by the immune pressure until the virus reaches a delicate survival balance: on one hand avoiding elimination through the development of cytotoxic T-cell immune escape mutations, and on the other sacrificing replication fitness as these mutations may come with a severe fitness cost to the virus. People infected with these 'attenuated' cytotoxic T-cell escape viruses can have a survival advantage. Cytotoxic T-cell responses are molding HIV diversity at a population level resulting in a loss of some of the common immune epitopes. SUMMARY:Insights into the origin of HIV and its evolution between populations and within individuals is essential to understanding HIV pathogenesis and imperative for the design of effective biomedical interventions such as vaccines.
journal_name
Curr Opin HIV AIDSjournal_title
Current opinion in HIV and AIDSauthors
Woodman Z,Williamson Cdoi
10.1097/COH.0b013e32832c0672subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-07-01 00:00:00pages
247-52issue
4eissn
1746-630Xissn
1746-6318pii
01222929-200907000-00005journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Early studies have cast doubt on the utility of animal models for predicting success or failure of HIV-prevention strategies, but results of multiple human phase 3 microbicide trials, and interrogations into the discrepancies between human and animal model trials, indicate that animal models were, and...
journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:HIV-infected individuals have improved access to antiretroviral therapy. This has resulted in a shift in causes of mortality from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and malignancies. This review will look at the epidemiologica...
journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e3282fb7bcf
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Current opinion in HIV and AIDS
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/COH.0000000000000197
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00