Abstract:
:The geometry and dimensions of branched structures such as blood vessels or airways are important factors in determining the efficiency of physiological processes. It has been shown that fractal trees can be space filling and can ensure minimal dissipation. The bronchial tree of most mammalian lungs is a good example of an efficient distribution system with an approximate fractal structure. Here we present a study of the compatibility between physical optimization and physiological robustness in the design of the human bronchial tree. We show that this physical optimization is critical in the sense that small variations in the geometry can induce very large variations in the net air flux. Maximum physical efficiency therefore cannot be a sufficient criterion for the physiological design of bronchial trees. Rather, the design of bronchial trees must be provided with a safety factor and the capacity for regulating airway calibre. Paradoxically, our results suggest that bronchial malfunction related to asthma is a necessary consequence of the optimized efficiency of the tree structure.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Mauroy B,Filoche M,Weibel ER,Sapoval Bdoi
10.1038/nature02287keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-02-12 00:00:00pages
633-6issue
6975eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature02287journal_volume
427pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::In several well-characterized site-specific recombination systems it has been shown that, for efficient recombination, the two recombining sites must have identical DNA sequences across the region between the staggered points of exchange. The precise DNA sequence of this overlap region, however, appears to be of littl...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/332861a0
更新日期:1988-04-28 00:00:00
abstract::The steel of Damascus blades, which were first encountered by the Crusaders when fighting against Muslims, had features not found in European steels--a characteristic wavy banding pattern known as damask, extraordinary mechanical properties, and an exceptionally sharp cutting edge. Here we use high-resolution transmis...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/444286a
更新日期:2006-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::A wide variety of systems, including granular media, colloidal suspensions and molecular systems, exhibit non-equilibrium transitions from a fluid-like to a solid-like state, characterized solely by the sudden arrest of their dynamics. Crowding or jamming of the constituent particles traps them kinetically, precluding...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35081021
更新日期:2001-06-14 00:00:00
abstract::In Extended Data Fig. 5d of this Letter, the blots for anti-pS612 and anti-BAK1 were inadvertently duplicated. This figure has been corrected online. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0663-4
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proteolysis is essential for the execution of many cellular functions. These include removal of incorrectly folded or damaged proteins, the activation of transcription factors, the ordered degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, and the generation of peptides destined for presentation by class I molecu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/33443
更新日期:1998-04-09 00:00:00
abstract::The largest products of magmatic activity on Earth, the great bodies of granite and their corresponding large eruptions, have a dual nature: homogeneity at the large scale and spatial and temporal heterogeneity at the small scale. This duality calls for a mechanism that selectively removes the large-scale heterogeneit...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09799
更新日期:2011-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::The type I interferon (IFN) response protects cells from viral infection by inducing hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), some of which encode direct antiviral effectors. Recent screening studies have begun to catalogue ISGs with antiviral activity against several RNA and DNA viruses. However, antiviral ISG...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12862
更新日期:2014-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::The polarized architecture of epithelial cells depends on the highly stereotypic distribution of cellular junctions and other membrane-associated protein complexes. In epithelial cells of the Drosophila embryo, three distinct domains subdivide the lateral plasma membrane. The most apical one comprises the subapical co...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/414638a
更新日期:2001-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::The growth cycle in nutrient-rich, aquatic environments starts with a diatom bloom that ends in mass sinking of ungrazed cells and phytodetritus. The low grazing pressure on these blooms has been attributed to the inability of overwintering copepod populations to track them temporally. We tested an alternative explana...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02526
更新日期:2004-05-27 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 评论,新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07008-6
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kb element. Regions...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature724
更新日期:2002-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases represent one of the great triumphs of medicine. The immune correlates of protection induced by most current vaccines seem to be mediated by long-lived humoral immune responses. By contrast, there are no currently available vaccines that are uniformly effective for dis...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35021239
更新日期:2000-08-17 00:00:00
abstract::Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference from one language while processing material in the other. Here we show, using event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that words from the non-target language are rejected at an early stage before semantic a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/4151026a
更新日期:2002-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The domestication of dogs was an important episode in the development of human civilization. The precise timing and location of this event is debated and little is known about the genetic changes that accompanied the transformation of ancient wolves into domestic dogs. Here we conduct whole-genome resequencing of dogs...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11837
更新日期:2013-03-21 00:00:00
abstract::Aquaporin (AQP) water-channel proteins are freely permeated by water but not by ions or charged solutes. Although mammalian aquaporins were believed to be located in plasma membranes, rat AQP6 is restricted to intracellular vesicles in renal epithelia. Here we show that AQP6 is functionally distinct from other known a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/46045
更新日期:1999-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Nucleosomes cover most of the genome and are thought to be displaced by transcription factors in regions that direct gene expression. However, the modes of interaction between transcription factors and nucleosomal DNA remain largely unknown. Here we systematically explore interactions between the nucleosome and 220 tr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0549-5
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human T-cell leukaemias and lymphomas associated with the human T-cell leukaemia viruses (HTLV) are invariably neoplasms of cells with mature T-lymphocyte phenotype. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B- lymphoycte lines which are productively infected with HTLV may be isolated from patients with HTLV malignancies, but no...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/309276a0
更新日期:1984-05-17 00:00:00
abstract::Diatoms are one of the most ecologically successful classes of photosynthetic marine eukaryotes in the contemporary oceans. Over the past 30 million years, they have helped to moderate Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, sequestering it via the biological carbon pump and ultimately burying...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14599
更新日期:2015-08-20 00:00:00
abstract::A major effect of insulin is to increase glucose transport in muscle and fat. A family of genes encoding distinct mammalian glucose transporters has recently been elucidated. One of these, the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (IRGT), is primarily expressed in muscle and fat, tissues that exhibit insulin-depende...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/346369a0
更新日期:1990-07-26 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07631-3
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The protein coding sequences of most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) are interrupted by non-coding sequences called introns. Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing selectively joins differe...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/418236a
更新日期:2002-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::The alpha-helix defined in 1951 by Pauling et al. on the basis of model building and X-ray fibre diffraction data has 3.65 residues per turn (n) achieved with planar peptides, torsion angles of phi = -48 degrees and psi = -57 degrees and hydrogen bonds which are close to linear. Although X-ray analyses of proteins hav...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/306281a0
更新日期:1983-11-17 00:00:00
abstract::With the world's focus on reducing our dependency on fossil-fuel energy, the scientific community can investigate new plastic materials that are much less dependent on petroleum than are conventional plastics. Given increasing environmental issues, the idea of replacing plastics with water-based gels, so-called hydrog...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08693
更新日期:2010-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is currently limited by difficulties in obtaining live neurons from patients and the inability to model the sporadic form of the disease. It may be possible to overcome these challenges by reprogramming primary cells from patients into induced pluripotent stem cell...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10821
更新日期:2012-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::A nuclear protein, CREB, has been isolated from rat brain and shown to stimulate transcription of the cyclic AMP-responsive gene somatostatin as a dimer. Biochemical analysis suggests that dimerization and transcriptional efficacy of CREB protein in vitro are regulated by phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/334494a0
更新日期:1988-08-11 00:00:00
abstract::Self-reproduction is central to biological life for long-term sustainability and evolutionary adaptation. Although these traits would also be desirable in many engineered systems, the principles of self-reproduction have not been exploited in machine design. Here we create simple machines that act as autonomous modula...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/435163a
更新日期:2005-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::In legumes, root nodule organogenesis is activated in response to morphogenic lipochitin oligosaccharides that are synthesized by bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia. Successful symbiotic interaction results in the formation of highly specialized organs called root nodules, which provide a unique environment for symb...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01207
更新日期:2002-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2064-8
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbialites, including biogenic stromatolites, thrombolites and dendrolites, were formed by various microbial mats that trapped and bound sediments or formed the locus of mineral precipitation. Microbialites were common and diverse during the Proterozoic, but declined in abundance and morphological diversity when mu...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02654
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Analysis of the genes that control the early events of Drosophila embryogenesis is providing details of the molecular processes underlying the positional specification of cells. There are two distinct phases: the first precedes the cellularization of the blastoderm embryo and is associated with a cascade of interactio...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/335025a0
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00