Abstract:
:The common mucosal immune system (CMIS) consists of an integrated cross-communication pathway of lymphoid tissues made up of inductive and effector sites for host protection against pathogenic microorganisms. Major effector molecules of the CMIS include IgA antibodies and cytokines, chemokines and their corresponding receptors. Secretory IgA (S-IgA), the major immunoglobulin, is induced by gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT)-derived B cells with the help of Th1- and Th2-type CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the mucosal epithelium, a subpopulation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), also help maintain the mucosal barrier. The CMIS is unique in that it can provide both positive and negative signals for the induction and regulation of immune responses in both the mucosal and systemic compartments after oral or nasal antigen exposure. Prevention of infection through mucosal surfaces can be achieved by the CMIS through connections between inductive (e.g. GALT) and effector tissues. When vaccine antigens are enterically administered together with mucosal adjuvants [e.g. cholera toxin (CT), heat-labile toxin produced by Escherichia coli (LT) and IL-12], antigen-specific Th1/Th2 and IgA B cell responses are induced simultaneously in the mucosal effector compartment. Since these antigen-specific immune responses are not generated by oral vaccine without mucosal adjuvant, safe and effective adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific S-IgA and CTL responses are essential for the development of mucosal vaccines for protection against infectious diseases. Finally, recent findings suggest the presence of a CMIS-independent IgA induction pathway, which also must be considered in the development of mucosal vaccines.
journal_name
Rev Med Viroljournal_title
Reviews in medical virologyauthors
Iijima H,Takahashi I,Kiyono Hdoi
10.1002/rmv.307keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-03-01 00:00:00pages
117-33issue
2eissn
1052-9276issn
1099-1654pii
10.1002/rmv.307journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are complex. One of the host factors involved is apparently the long-lasting inflammatory reaction which accompanies chronic HBV infection. Although HBV lacks a typical viral oncogene, the HBx ...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1864
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and the facultative blood-borne hepatitis E virus, are considered a major public health problem given that they are accountable for millions of deaths each year. Treatment options, including effective vaccine design, devel...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1890
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses are efficient carriers of genetic material between cells. They specifically recognise a target cell and utilise host functions for genome delivery to the replication site. A mature viral capsid emerging from an infected cell serves at least three distinct functions. It enables virus egress from the infected ce...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(1998100)8:4<213::aid-rmv22
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for more than 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases in endemic countries. Approximately 2 billion individuals live in hepatitis E-endemic areas and, therefore, are at risk of infection. According to World Health Organization, HEV causes about 20.1 million infections and 70 000 death...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1929
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent isolation of West Nile virus from a bird in mid-winter in New York immediately raised, as one of a few explanations, the possibility of long-term persistence of arboviruses in vertebrate hosts. Although it was a highly popular topic for research many years ago, generally it has since been neglected and its ...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.314
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well known that viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, must use their hosts' metabolic machinery in order to replicate their genomes and form infectious progeny virions. What is less well known are the details of how viruses make sure that once all the necessary proteins are made, that they assume the cor...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.499
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Remdesivir is an antiviral agent that has shown broad-spectrum activity, including against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical trials investigating the role of remdesivir in coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) reported conflicting results. This study aimed to systematically review th...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.2187
更新日期:2020-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in the pediatric population worldwide. The immunopathology of RSV infection varies considerably and severe disease occurs only in a minority of the population. There are many factors (host, viral, and environmental) tha...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.2026
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the Herpesviridae family of viruses are classified into the alpha, beta and gamma subfamilies. The alpha subfamily is estimated to have diverged from the beta and gamma subfamilies 200-220 million years ago. The ancestors of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), two ubiquitous...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.478
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The serine/threonine kinase expressed by human cytomegalovirus from gene UL97 phosphorylates the antiviral drug ganciclovir, but its biological function is the phosphorylation of its natural viral and cellular protein substrates which affect viral replication at many levels. The UL97 kinase null phenotype is therefore...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.615
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drugs based on amino acid sequence of Heptad Repeats of gp41 of HIV have been explored in search of anti-HIV drugs acting by inhibition of the gp41 6-helix formation and subsequent cellular infection. These are classified under a distinct discipline called HIV fusion inhibitors. Resistance to HIV fusion inhibitors and...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.631
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) causing neurological diseases notably meningitis and encephalitis. These infections occur principally among newborns and children. Epidemiological studies of patients with nervous system disorders demonstrate the presence of infectious v...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/rmv.2191
更新日期:2020-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::After the serendipitous discovery of HIV eradication in the "Berlin patient", interest has grown in curing HIV infection by replacing the patient's replication-competent blood cells with infection-resistant ones. At the same time, induced pluripotent stem cell technologies and genetic engineering have boosted cell the...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1831
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are currently available for treatment of HIV-1 as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Oral dosing is administered three times daily for delavirdine (DLV), twice daily for nevirapine (NVP), and once daily for efavirenz (EFV). Rash is a common side e...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/1099-1654(200007/08)10:4<217::aid-rmv279>3
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human respiratory viral infection that has rapidly progressed into a pandemic, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Blood clotting disorders and acute respiratory failure have surfaced as the major complications among the severe cases ...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/rmv.2177
更新日期:2020-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses are obligate parasites dependent on host cells for survival. Viral infection of a cell activates a panel of pattern recognition receptors that mediate antiviral host responses to inhibit viral replication and dissemination. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade and subvert this antiviral host response, incl...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1892
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite broad variability in study populations, methodologies for CMV detection, and analytic methods used, multiple studies have documented frequent CMV infection in non-immunocompromised adults with critical illness due to a variety of causes. Higher rates of CMV infection in studies of seropositive patients suggest...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.664
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The influenza A virus genome consists of eight segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNAs. Each viral RNA (vRNA) segment forms a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex together with NPs and a polymerase complex, which is a fundamental unit for transcription and replication of the viral genome. Although the exact structu...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.666
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a wealth of data supporting the use of viral load measurements to monitor therapy. Indeed, clinical drug trial endpoints routinely include the proportion of patients with a plasma viral load reduction of greater than 0.5 log(10), or greater than 1 log(10). Since a higher viral load reflects increased amounts ...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.373
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of acyclovir (ACV), a nucleoside analogue, more than 30 years ago, represents a milestone in the management of HSV and VZV infections. The modest activity of ACV against CMV prompted the development of another nucleoside analogue, ganciclovir, for the management of systemic and organ-specific CMV disease...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1787
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Herpes simplex virus (HSV) genomic DNA contains at least 74 distinct genes. A set of 40 genes, termed the 'core genes', is commonly found in all herpesviruses; their products include four capsid proteins, six DNA replication proteins, seven DNA packaging/cleavage proteins, four envelope glycoproteins, as well as sever...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.409
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) public health emergency has caused enormous loss around the world. This pandemic is a concrete example of the existing gap between availability of advanced diagnostics and current need for cost-effective methodology. The advent of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.2215
更新日期:2021-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Enteroviruses and humans have long co-existed. Although recognized in ancient times, poliomyelitis and type 1 diabetes (T1D) were exceptionally rare and not epidemic, due in large part to poor sanitation and personal hygiene which resulted in repeated exposure to fecal-oral transmitted viruses and other infectious age...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1815
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a 7.2 kb genome that is capped and polyadenylated. The virus is currently unclassified: the organisation of the genome resembles that of the Caliciviridae but sequence analyses suggest it is more closely related to the Togaviridae. Hepatitis E virus is an e...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.384
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The conventional diagnosis of dengue virus infections includes the detection of the virus in serum or tissue samples, both by isolation in culture or through detection of specific viral molecules (genome RNA or dengue antigens) and detection of specific anti-dengue antibodies (serology). Isolation of dengue virus prov...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.461
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Failure of antiretroviral therapy to eradicate HIV, even in individuals who suppress the virus to undetectable levels, is a consequence of persistent infection in latently infected cells and within anatomical reservoirs. Support for the notion that the lungs are distinct anatomical reservoirs of HIV comes from a spect...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.1772
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are RNA viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. The prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and Henipavirus. The transmission of Nipah, Hendra and perhaps SARS coronavirus and ...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.520
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infections with the beta-herpesviruses human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) are ubiquitous in childhood. The immunosuppression secondary to organ or bone marrow transplantation together with posttransplantation management may favour viral replication and reactivation. HHV-6 and -7 induce immunos...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.299
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) or haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disease caused by a dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. This T cell/NK cell dysregulation causes an aberrant cytokine release, resulting in proliferation/activation of histiocytes with subsequent haemophagocytosis. Histioc...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.638
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The immense difficulty in primary control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by adaptive immune responses has been a topic of exceptional importance. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) do play a central role in primary resolution of viremia, but their potency in vi...
journal_title:Reviews in medical virology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/rmv.577
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00