Abstract：
:There is a wealth of data supporting the use of viral load measurements to monitor therapy. Indeed, clinical drug trial endpoints routinely include the proportion of patients with a plasma viral load reduction of greater than 0.5 log(10), or greater than 1 log(10). Since a higher viral load reflects increased amounts of virus replication, it would seem desirable to reduce this replication as far as possible, so that the goal of therapy has become one of viral undetectability in plasma. However, virological suppression to undetectable levels is not an absolute determinant of outcome because recent observational cohort data suggest that any significant reduction of viral load is associated with clinical benefit. There are also technical problems when attempting to measure undetectability, with lower limits of detection of 400 or 50 RNA copies/ml of plasma being driven more by the performance of commercial assays than by any inherent cut-off value with proven prognostic significance. Furthermore, the obsession with undetectability has created the concept of the 'viral blip', or 'intermittent viraemia' commonly defined as a single viral load measurement of between 50 and 400 copies/ml, preceded and followed by consistent measurements of less than 50 copies/ml, in a patient receiving therapy. Such blips should be considered in the context of frequent transient changes in viral load which occur below the lower limit of detection by existing laboratory assays. In my view, there remains a misunderstanding about the importance ascribed to these relatively minor changes in lower detection limits, when considered against the background of virus within the body as a whole. I also consider other possible uses of HIV-1 quantification in clinical practice, such as identifying the inherent potency of antiviral regimens.
journal_name
Rev Med Viroljournal_title
Reviews in medical virologyauthors
Pillay Ddoi
10.1002/rmv.373keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-11-01 00:00:00pages
391-6issue
6eissn
1052-9276issn
1099-1654journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Adjuvants historically are considered to stimulate immune responses 'non-specifically'. Recently, a renewed understanding of the critical role of innate immunity in influencing the development of an adaptive immune response has led researchers to a better understanding of 'the adjuvant effect'. Although innate immune ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.445
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After the serendipitous discovery of HIV eradication in the "Berlin patient", interest has grown in curing HIV infection by replacing the patient's replication-competent blood cells with infection-resistant ones. At the same time, induced pluripotent stem cell technologies and genetic engineering have boosted cell the...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1831
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) public health emergency has caused enormous loss around the world. This pandemic is a concrete example of the existing gap between availability of advanced diagnostics and current need for cost-effective methodology. The advent of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2215
更新日期：2021-01-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Viruses are efficient carriers of genetic material between cells. They specifically recognise a target cell and utilise host functions for genome delivery to the replication site. A mature viral capsid emerging from an infected cell serves at least three distinct functions. It enables virus egress from the infected ce...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(1998100)8:4<213::aid-rmv22
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Positive-stranded RNA viruses, like many other viruses, have evolved to exploit the host cellular machinery to their own advantage. In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) that serves as the major intracellular pathway for protein degradation and modification plays a crucial role in the regulation o...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1725
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are RNA viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. The prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and Henipavirus. The transmission of Nipah, Hendra and perhaps SARS coronavirus and ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.520
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating and often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system for which effective therapies are lacking. It is caused by the replication of polyomavirus JC (JCV) in the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes leading to their cytolytic death and loss of m...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1866
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to sev...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1868
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although epidemiological and molecular epidemiological (serotype, genotype, and lineage information) data are available for several major cities in Indonesia, there is yet to be a comprehensive national study of dengue in Indonesia over time. This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive epidemiology of circulat...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/rmv.2037
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide and an emerging cause of chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. As with viral infections in general, immune responses are critical to determine the outcome of HEV infection. Accumulating studies in cell culture, animal models and...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1964
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BK polyomavirus (BKPyV or BKV) is a non-enveloped, circular double-stranded DNA virus that may exceed 80% seroprevalence in adults. BKV infection typically occurs during childhood, and the majority of adults are latently infected. While BKV infection is rarely associated with clinical disease in most individuals, in i...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2102
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are currently available for treatment of HIV-1 as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Oral dosing is administered three times daily for delavirdine (DLV), twice daily for nevirapine (NVP), and once daily for efavirenz (EFV). Rash is a common side e...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/1099-1654(200007/08)10:4<217::aid-rmv279>3
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infections with the beta-herpesviruses human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) are ubiquitous in childhood. The immunosuppression secondary to organ or bone marrow transplantation together with posttransplantation management may favour viral replication and reactivation. HHV-6 and -7 induce immunos...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.299
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2014
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The viruses able to affect the eye are taxonomically diverse, ranging from double-stranded DNA viruses, to single stranded RNA viruses, to retroviruses. Any part of the eye may be affected, frequently producing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, cataract and retinitis. The more common ocular viral infect...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1749
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacteriophages or phages, being the most abundant entities on earth, represent a potential solution to a diverse range of problems. Phages are successful antibacterial agents whose use in therapeutics was hindered by the discovery of antibiotics. Eventually, because of the development and spread of antibiotic resistan...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2041
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arenaviruses, such as Lassa fever, establish chronic infections in rodents, leading to incidental transmission to humans. Lassa fever is a clinically severe disease, yet the absence of second attacks implies life-long immunity. The aim of this review is to consider whether such immunity could be provided by vaccines. ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.329
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Dengue disease encompasses various clinical manifestations including dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In this article, we aimed to systematically review and analyze the association between different blood groups and severity of dengue. We searched nine databases for eligible papers reporting preva...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2147
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The advent of advanced cell culture and cytogenetics techniques in the 1950s opened a new avenue for research on the pathogenic interactions between animal viruses and their hosts. Studies of many viruses revealed their ability to nonspecifically induce cytogenetic damage to their host cell's chromosomes. However, onl...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.368
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TT virus (TTV) was found in 1997 from a hepatitis patient without virus markers. However, the real impact of TTV on liver diseases remains uncertain to date. Due to the lack of suitable cell systems to support the growth of TTV, the biology of TTV is still obscure. This review tries to summarise the current status of ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.351
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is a major global public health issue. Although the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made significant progress in inhibiting HIV replication in patients, HIV-infected cells remain the princi...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2139
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and the facultative blood-borne hepatitis E virus, are considered a major public health problem given that they are accountable for millions of deaths each year. Treatment options, including effective vaccine design, devel...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1890
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The serine/threonine kinase expressed by human cytomegalovirus from gene UL97 phosphorylates the antiviral drug ganciclovir, but its biological function is the phosphorylation of its natural viral and cellular protein substrates which affect viral replication at many levels. The UL97 kinase null phenotype is therefore...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.615
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed to improve the global treatment of viral infections. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are involved in various biological and cellular functions including differentiation, development, proliferation, oncogenesis, innate immunity, and viral autophagy. Various TRIM pro...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2028
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The collection of nasopharyngeal swabs to test for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an invasive technique with implications for patients and clinicians. Alternative clinical specimens from the upper respiratory tract may offer benefits in terms of collection, comfort and ...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.2185
更新日期：2020-10-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Vaccination is the current strategy for control and prevention of severe rotavirus infections, a major cause of acute, dehydrating diarrhoea in young children worldwide. Public health interventions aimed at improving water, food and sanitation are unlikely adequately to control the disease. The development of vaccines...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.411
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for more than 50% of acute viral hepatitis cases in endemic countries. Approximately 2 billion individuals live in hepatitis E-endemic areas and, therefore, are at risk of infection. According to World Health Organization, HEV causes about 20.1 million infections and 70 000 death...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1929
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Viral replication and spreading are fundamental events in the viral life cycle, accounting for the assembly and egression of nascent virions, events that are directly associated with viral pathogenesis in target hosts. These processes occur in cellular compartments that are modified by specialized viral proteins, caus...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.1872
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) causing neurological diseases notably meningitis and encephalitis. These infections occur principally among newborns and children. Epidemiological studies of patients with nervous system disorders demonstrate the presence of infectious v...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/rmv.2191
更新日期：2020-11-07 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of antiviral compounds were examined for their activity against human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6), type 7 (HHV-7) and type 8 (HHV-8). They were selected either because they are already approved for clinical use in the treatment of herpesvirus infections (acyclovir, valaciclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, ganci...
journal_title：Reviews in medical virology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/rmv.336
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
