Abstract:
:Based on spiral 3D tomography a large variety of applications have been developed during the last decade to asses bone mineral density, bone macro and micro structure, and bone strength. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) using clinical whole body scanners provides separate assessment of trabecular, cortical, and subcortical bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) principally in the spine and hip, although the distal forearm can also be assessed. Further bone macrostructure, for example bone geometry or cortical thickness can be quantified. Special high resolution peripheral CT (hr-pQCT) devices have been introduced to measure bone microstructure for example the trabecular architecture or cortical porosity at the distal forearm or tibia. 3D CT is also the basis for finite element analysis (FEA) to determine bone strength. QCT, hr-pQCT, and FEM are increasingly used in research as well as in clinical trials to complement areal BMD measurements obtained by the standard densitometric technique of dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This review explains technical developments and demonstrates how QCT based techniques advanced our understanding of bone biology.
journal_name
Curr Osteoporos Repjournal_title
Current osteoporosis reportsauthors
Engelke K,Libanati C,Fuerst T,Zysset P,Genant HKdoi
10.1007/s11914-013-0147-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-09-01 00:00:00pages
246-55issue
3eissn
1544-1873issn
1544-2241journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Statistical models (SMs) of shape (SSM) and appearance (SAM) have been acquiring popularity in medical image analysis since they were introduced in the early 1990s. They have been primarily used for segmentation, but they are also a powerful tool for 3D reconstruction and classification. All these tasks may be require...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0206-3
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because there are now effective agents for treatment of osteoporosis, the question is being raised as to whether or not it is ethical to have placebo-controlled trials of new agents. It is ethical for patients who are at low risk of serious or irreversible harm to participate in placebo-controlled trials as long as th...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-004-0012-4
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atraumatic fractures of the skeleton in osteoporotic patients are directly related to a deterioration of bone strength. However, the failure of the bone tissue to withstand functional load bearing cannot be explained as a simple decrease in bone mineral density (quantity); strength is also significantly dependent upon...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-003-0003-x
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To identify the use of carbon nanomaterials in bone regeneration and present new data on the regenerative capacity of bone tissue in osteopenic rats treated with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). RECENT FINDINGS:The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the nanomaterials are suitable f...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-018-0476-2
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis presents a dilemma for the orthopedic surgeon. Screw fixation within the bone is crucial for mechanical stabilization, maintenance of reduction, and ultimately, fracture healing. For the patient, soft bones and physiological fragility usually benefit from immediate weight bearing and mobility to avoid fur...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11914-012-0124-1
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The goal of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on the process of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation during endochondral bone formation and its potential implications in fracture healing and disease. RECENT FINDINGS:Lineage tracing experiments confirmed the transdifferentiati...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-019-00511-3
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:We give an update on the etiology and potential treatment options of rare inherited monogenic disorders associated with arterial calcification and calcific cardiac valve disease. RECENT FINDINGS:Genetic studies of rare inherited syndromes have identified key regulators of ectopic calcification. Based...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-017-0370-3
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The musculoskeletal system is a complex organ comprised of the skeletal bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints, and other connective tissue that physically and mechanically interact to provide animals and humans with the essential ability of locomotion. This mechanical interaction is undoubtedl...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0209-0
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of th...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00649-5
更新日期:2021-01-11 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Osteocytes comprise > 95% of the cellular component in bone tissue and produce a wide range of cytokines and cellular signaling molecules in response to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteocyte-mediated translation of mechanical stimu...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00564-9
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many orthobiologic adjuvants are available and widely utilized for general skeletal restoration. Their use for the specific task of osteoporotic fracture augmentation is less well recognized. Common conductive materials are reviewed for their value in this patient population including the large group of allograft adju...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0249-5
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Diabetes has a detrimental effect on bone, increasing the risk of fracture and formation of osteolytic lesions such as those seen in periodontitis. Several diabetic complications are caused by diabetes-enhanced inflammation. This review examines mechanisms by which IL-17 contributes to diabetes-enhanc...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00559-6
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Establishing a Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) to identify and treat patients with a recent fragility fracture has been shown to be effective, save money, useful to document high quality of care, and makes good clinical sense. A FLS starts with an osteoporosis champion and encompasses identification of patients with a ...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11914-013-0177-9
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To summarize reports published since the 2013 American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force Report on atypical femoral fractures (AFF). RECENT FINDINGS:The absolute incidence of AFFs remains low. AFFs are primarily associated with prolonged bisphosphonate (BP) exposure, but have also been ...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-018-0464-6
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surrogate markers in clinical medicine provide a useful means to assess therapeutic response to pharmacologic therapy in a wide range of chronic disease states. In the area of osteoporosis, the surrogate markers of change in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) provide the clinician with a means ...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-005-0018-6
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past decade has seen a significant expansion of our understanding of the interaction between the neural system and bone. While innervation of bone was long appreciated, the discovery of central relays from the hypothalamus to the cells of bone has seen the identification of a number of efferent neural pathways to ...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-012-0102-7
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium is the dominant mineral in bone and is a shortfall nutrient in the diet. For those consuming inadequate dietary calcium, calcium supplements have been a standard strategy for prevention of osteoporosis. Recently, calcium supplementation has been linked to both increased and decreased cardiovascular disease ris...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0208-1
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occurrence of a fragility fracture is an opportunity to recognize osteoporosis and begin treatment to reduce the risk of another fracture. However, selecting the treatment may have an impact on the incident fracture and this requires careful consideration of the patient and the treatment choices. There is no conse...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-011-0061-4
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis is characterized by the occurrence of a host of fractures. According to densitometric values, an operational definition for osteoporosis corresponds to a loss of 25% to 30% (-2.5 T-scores) compared with the mean values of bone mineral density of young premenopausal women. For years, research tried to deve...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11914-010-0024-1
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:We outline the diverse processes contributing to bone mineralization and bone matrix maturation by describing two mouse models with bone strength defects caused by restricted deletion of the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand EphrinB2. RECENT FINDINGS:Stage-specific EphrinB2 deletion differs in its effe...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-019-00524-y
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Currently, the measurement of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is used at NASA to evaluate the effects of spaceflight on the skeletal health of astronauts. Notably, there are precipitous declines in aBMD with losses >10 % detected in the hip and spine in some astronauts following a typical 6-month mission in space. H...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-013-0136-5
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin D, acting through its active metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), exerts its influence on many physiologic processes in addition to the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. These processes include the immune system. Both the adaptive and innate immune systems are affected by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its receptor...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11914-009-0011-6
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Fractures of osteoporotic bone in elderly individuals need special attention. This manuscript reviews the current strategies to provide sufficient fracture fixation stability with a particular focus on fractures that frequently occur in elderly individuals with osteoporosis and require full load-beari...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-019-00535-9
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bone metastasis is a deadly complication of cancers arising from many different primary tumor locations. Cross talk between cancer and bone cells is a well-established driver of bone metastasis, and recent work reveals microRNA (miRNA) as key players in this communication. Functional significance of miRNA was first de...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-016-0316-1
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The age-related loss of skeletal muscle and bone tissue decreases functionality and increases the risk for falls and injuries. One contributing factor of muscle and bone loss over time is chronic low-grade inflammation. Exercise training is an effective countermeasure for decreasing the loss of muscle...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00596-1
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Mechanical loading is an essential stimulus for skeletal tissues. Osteocytes are primarily responsible for sensing mechanical stimuli in bone and for orchestrating subsequent responses. This is critical for maintaining homeostasis, and responding to injury/disease. The osteocyte mechanotransduction pa...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-018-0485-1
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Substantial evidence exists that in addition to the well-known complications of diabetes, increased fracture risk is an important morbidity. This risk is probably due, at least in part, to altered bone remodeling and bone cell function in diabetes. Circulating biochemical markers of bone formation, including P1NP, ost...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11914-015-0265-0
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:One aim in bone tissue engineering is to develop human cell-based, 3D in vitro bone models to study bone physiology and pathology. Due to the heterogeneity of cells among patients, patient's own cells are needed to be obtained, ideally, from one single cell source. This review attempts to identify the...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00648-6
更新日期:2021-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::There is an increasing repertoire of laboratory tests available for assessing the bone remodeling process. Biochemical markers of bone remodeling can be measured in serum or urine, and have a number of potential roles in the management of fracture risk. Differences in remodeling between individuals might be related to...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-996-0002-9
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This paper describes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that drive fracture pain and how these findings are helping develop new therapies to treat fracture pain. RECENT FINDINGS:Immediately following fracture, mechanosensitive nerve fibers that innervate bone are mechanically distorted. ...
journal_title:Current osteoporosis reports
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11914-018-0446-8
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00