Abstract:
:A series of experiments is described in which operant methodology is used to study the effects of drugs on "learning." Emphasis is placed on the technique of repeated acquisition as a behavioral baseline for studying this type of transition state. In this technique, each subject is required to learn a new discrimination each session. Multiple-schedule procedures are also described in which acquisition is compared to a "performance" task, where the discrimination is the same each session. The learning baseline is more sensitive to the disruptive effects of a variety of drugs (e.g., cocaine, d-amphetamine, haloperidol) than is the performance baseline. This general finding obtains across procedural variations and species (pigeons and monkeys). The potential usefulness of these procedures for studying both acute and chronic behavioral toxicity is discussed.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Thompson DM,Moerschbaecher JMdoi
10.1289/ehp.782677subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1978-10-01 00:00:00pages
77-87eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Cumulative lead exposure is associated with a widened pulse pressure (PP; the -difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure), a marker of arterial stiffness and a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Polymorphisms in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) have been shown to modify the impact of cumulativ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002251
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Prenatal and early-life periods may be critical windows for harmful effects of air pollution on infant health. OBJECTIVES:We studied the association of air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the first year of life with respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and eczema during the first 12-18 months of a...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1205281
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Airway mucus is a complex airway secretion whose primary function as part of the mucociliary transport mechanism is to to serve as renewable and transportable barrier against inhaled particulates and toxic agents. The rheologic properties necessary for this function are imparted by glycoproteins, or mucins. Some respi...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.9410289
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the study was to determine whether the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with drinking water disinfection by-products was modified in the presence of variants in genes involved in the metabolism of trihalomethanes (THMs). We included a subset of cases from a population-base...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.02110591
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure assessments among average fish consumers in the United States may underestimate exposures among U.S. subpopulations with high intakes of regionally specific fish. OBJECTIVES:We examined relationships among fish consumption, estimated mercury (Hg) intake, and measured Hg exposur...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002609
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied peripheral lymphocyte HPRT variant frequency and endogenous nitrosation in human populations exposed to various nitrate levels in their drinking water. Four test populations of women volunteers were compared. Low and medium tap water nitrate exposure groups (14 and 21 subjects) were using public water suppl...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104522
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reported incidence of acute respiratory illness in families exposed to different concentrations of air pollution was studied during two consecutive school years. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of increased exposure to sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter. In each of four study comm...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8244165
更新日期:1982-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Inorganic arsenic (iAs) causes cancer and possibly other adverse health outcomes. Arsenic-based drugs are permitted in poultry production; however, the contribution of chicken consumption to iAs intake is unknown. OBJECTIVES:We sought to characterize the arsenic species profile in chicken meat and estimate ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1206245
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic toxicology databases for chemicals that have been tested extensively are generally composed of inconsistent responses from a diverse set of assays. Consequently, difficulties arise when the data are evaluated for classifying the agent or for assessing the chemical's hazard potential. Several years ago, the...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9196101
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report reviews the recent literature on the adverse effects of occupational factors on fertility and related reproductive outcomes. Few studies fulfill the criteria of good study design because of small sample size, insensitive measures of effect, selection, recall, and observation bias, weak if any control of co...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s281
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental pollution with the nephrotoxic metal cadmium is considered a potential health risk for the general population. In 1976 it was reported that the cadmium concentration in human kidney cortex in Sweden had increased in parallel with increasing levels in soil and grain during the twentieth century. Since the...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106175
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Love Canal is a rectangular 16-acre, 10-ft deep chemical waste landfill situated in a residential neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York. This seriously contaminated site first came to public attention in 1978. No studies have examined mortality in the former residents of the Love Canal neighborhood (LC...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11350
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to potential threats to human health and fish populations, six states along the east coast of the United States initiated monitoring programs related to Pfiesteria-like organisms in 1998. These actions were taken in the wake of toxic outbreaks of Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder in Maryland dur...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.01109s5711
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is widespread concern regarding the safety of silver-mercury amalgam dental restorations, yet little evidence to support their harm or safety. We examined whether mercury dental amalgams are adversely associated with cognitive functioning in a cross-sectional sample of healthy working adults. We studied 550 adul...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.5879
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lead-induced nephropathy produces both tubular and interstitial manifestations of cell injury, but the pathophysiology of these lesions is not completely understood. Delineation of the molecular factors underlying renal handling of lead is one of central importance in understanding the mechanisms of renal cell injury ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.919177
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lungs may be exposed to potentially toxic metabolites that are either formed in situ or which are present in the circulation. Therefore, pulmonary injury may be a prominent effect of certain classes of chemicals that undergo bioactivation in the body. The specific types of lung cells damaged may depend upon factor...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.845547
更新日期:1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Children may be more susceptible to exposures to environmental toxins than adults and may be more vulnerable to their effects. Because of this, the health care community and those responsible for children need to be alert to possible environmental factors in identifying and responding to the health problems of childre...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.95103s613
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are suspected of altering estrogenic signaling through estrogen receptor (ER) α or β (mERβ1 in mice). Several EDC effects have been reported in animal studies and extrapolated to human studies. Unlike humans, rodents express a novel isoform of ERβ (mERβ2) with a modified...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP396
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although animal experiments have shown that cadmium exposure results in severe dental caries, limited epidemiologic data are available on this issue. OBJECTIVES:We aimed to examine the relationship between environmental cadmium exposure and dental caries in children 6-12 years of age. METHODS:We analyzed c...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.10947
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lymphocyte micronucleus assay was used to measure the average frequency of micronuclei in a population and thus assess genotoxic effects. Data from 174 persons give an average value of 16.4 +/- 7.3, and a slight age-dependence was observed. To detect combined environmental mutagen injuries the micronucleus assay w...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.101-1521140
更新日期:1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas. However, identifying the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult. We conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to reconstruct historical crop patterns...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.001085
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases differs greatly between individuals, possibly due to interindividual variations in As metabolism that affect retention and distribution of toxic metabolites. To elucidate the role of genetic factors in As metabolism, we studied how polymorphisms in six genes affected the ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.9734
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific composite DNA probes (chromosome painting) is a reliable and efficient method for detecting structural chromosome aberrations. Painting is now being used to quantify chromosome damage in many human populations. In one such study we evaluated 91 unexposed peop...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s3489
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The types of biological response to an environmental agent can depend on dose, thus in this case a family of widely different dose-response relationships would be expected. For those situations where the magnitude of the effect may be determined on probabilistic grounds as a function of dose ("stochastic" model), no p...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.814245
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies show that young children can be exposed to pesticides during normal oral exploration of their environment and their level of dermal contact with floors and other surfaces. Children living in agricultural areas may be exposed to higher pesticide levels than other children because of pesticides tracked in...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s3409
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene at the global level taking into account various disease outcomes, principally diarrheal diseases. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) combines the burden from death and disability in a single index and permits the comparison of the burden from wa...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.110-1240845
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fundamental problems in population monitoring for genetic effects are twofold: the binomialized nature of the data and the lower power due to small risk of finding positive results. The binomial character is artificial, even forced, and can with advantage be replaced by more refined analysis, and by a focus on all...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8142127
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mutagenic activities of several phthalate esters have been evaluated in an 8-azaguanine resistance assay in Salmonella typhimurium. Three phthalate esters were found to be mutagenic: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate. A number of other phthalate esters were not found to be mutagenic, i...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.8245111
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The goal of this study was to identify mental, behavioral, and cognitive disorders that may be triggered or exacerbated during heat waves, predisposing individuals to heat-related morbidity and mortality. DESIGN:Using health outcome data from Adelaide, South Australia, for 1993-2006, we estimated the effect ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11339
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Residents of Anniston, Alabama, live near a Monsanto plant that manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1929 to 1971 and are relatively heavily exposed. OBJECTIVES:The goal of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between blood pressure and levels of total serum PCBs, several PCB ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1002830
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00