Abstract：
:The phenomenon of virus neutralization is a function of three variables: the antibody (Ab), the virus and the target cell. Variation in any one of these parameters may drastically affect the results of assays for neutralization. In focusing on the virus as a variable in assays for the neutralization of HIV-1, it has been shown that the range of sensitivity of primary HIV-1 isolates is quite large. This may be due to the structure and biology of the virus particle, its density of envelope proteins, its ability to retain or shed these proteins, and its phenotype, determining the type of cells it will infect. The Ab used for neutralization also contributes to the efficiency of neutralization. Thus, the 'match' between the specificity of the Ab and the structure and availability of the epitope on the virus will affect the interaction and contribute to the resultant reduction in virus infectivity. Similarly, the strength of interaction between the virus and the neutralizing Ab, dependent on the affinity of the Ab for the virus epitope, will also be a determining factor. However, other factors contribute to the neutralization sensitivity of primary isolates of HIV-1. One factor that has been almost completely overlooked in the recent literature is the role that the target cell plays in revealing reduced virus infectivity. The facility and mechanism through which different cell types bind a virion and are infected by it will contribute profoundly to the efficiency with which Ab-mediated neutralization can be detected. These factors are discussed below with particular reference to interpreting (and re-interpreting) the current literature on HIV-1 neutralization.
journal_name
Immunol Lettjournal_title
Immunology lettersauthors
Zolla-Pazner Sdoi
10.1016/0165-2478(96)02560-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-06-01 00:00:00pages
89-93issue
1-2eissn
0165-2478issn
1879-0542pii
0165-2478(96)02560-6journal_volume
51pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Stimulation of tonsillar B-lymphocytes with CD40 antibodies and IL-4 leads to homotypic adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation into Ig-producing cells. It also leads to the production of IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine involved in B-cell maturation and differentiation. To assess the importance of IL-6 in the differ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(97)00140-5
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mature B cells express a single immunoglobulin Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, that functions to block downstream signaling by co-aggregated antigen receptors. Co-aggregation of receptors is essential because BCR activated kinases must phosphorylate FcgammaRIIB to recruit SHIP and mediate inhibitory signals. Pre-B cells als...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2003.11.028
更新日期：2004-03-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The physiologically occurring tetrapeptide, tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), was examined for its effects on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Adherent macrophages (møo) were exposed to tuftsin at concentrations ranging from 10(8) to 10(6) M, and the release of oxygen radicals and the arachidonic acid cyclo-oxygenation pro...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(83)90021-4
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Good Syndrome is a rare clinical entity first described as the conjunction of thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, and more recently depicted as a complex disease integrating a medical history of thymoma with humoral immunodeficiency (more accurately stated: hypogammaglobulinemia) with or without cellular immunodeficien...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.010
更新日期：2021-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:When the random polymer (Glu, Phe)n was added to primary lymph node T cell cultures from mice immunized with (Glu, Lys, Ala) and other immunogens, significant inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation was noted. A similar addition of (Glu, Phe)n to murine T cell lines (Fathman) from the above reacting lymph nodes led ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(87)90160-x
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mouse trisomy 16 (Ts16), an animal model for human Down syndrome (trisomy 21), exhibits severe abnormalities in the development of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Whereas fetal liver cells from diploid mice can be easily immortalized by retroviral transformation with Ab1-MuLV or J2 virus, fetal livers from Ts16 mice conta...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(92)90092-3
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sequence-comparison indicates existing sequence-similarity between receptor-binding regions of human type 1 IFNs (IFN-alpha, -beta and -omega) and HIV-1 gp41. Previous findings had suggested that the increased levels of antibodies against human IFN-alpha and -beta in HIV-1-infected individuals are associated with a co...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00098-x
更新日期：1999-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a multi-factorial condition with a strong inflammatory component, which is immune-mediated by chemokines. The CCL5 is a chemokine that has been suggested to be an important participant in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated whether three...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.006
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T helper17 (Th17) cells have been demonstrated to participate in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated liver damage. However, the contribution of Th17 cells to immune activation and disease aggravation in patients with HBV infection is not fully clear. In this study, we investigated the Th17 cells fre...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.001
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine which has been implicated to play a pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis in rheumatoid synoviocytes. In present study, we examined the effect of IL-18 on VEGF productio...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2005.10.020
更新日期：2006-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Disease-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) therapy is not yet available. Several adjuvant therapies have demonstrated promising results in the treatment of OA. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, vitamin B, and curcumin in t...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.008
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In studying terminal lytic events of sensitized erythrocytes which have reacted with all 9 components of complement, we agree in general with the conclusions of Boyle and Borsos [1] that the cellular intermediate passes through the stages E*bound, E*inserted, and E*doomed. However, we differ with these workers on the ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(81)90095-x
更新日期：1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Toll-like receptors (TLR) are critical in the activation of macrophages by bacterial products. It has been shown that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins signal transduction, respectively. Regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression by LPS was considered to be one of the mechanisms to control th...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00010-x
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Investigating the functional effects of anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies (obtained through the Second International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens), antibodies to the sheep red cell receptor (CD2) were found to block lectin-dependent cytotoxicity. Blocking was seen with all anti-CD2 reagents tes...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(85)90151-8
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:House dust mite antigen is a well-known allergen in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease. We evaluated the AD model mice sensitized with house dust mite antigen and observed a Th2-dominant immune response. In this experiment, BALB/c mice were sensitized percutaneous...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00196-7
更新日期：2003-01-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Others have reported that a monoclonal anti-human IL-2 receptor antibody (anti-CD25) specifically binds a membrane receptor on Xenopus laevis PHA-induced and paraformaldehyde-fixed splenic blasts. In this paper, we present evidence suggesting that this binding is an artifact of membrane damage. Specifically, significa...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(90)90151-f
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mast cell function-associated antigen (MAFA) is a type II membranal glycoprotein expressed by rat mast cells and basophils. MAFA clustering by its specific monoclonal antibody, (mAb) G63, efficiently inhibits the FcvarepsilonRI induced secretory response of mucosal-type mast cells of the RBL-2H3 line, as well as b...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00013-5
更新日期：2002-06-03 00:00:00
abstract：:T cell specific, B cell specific and Ia specific polyclonal antisera, as well as monoclonal antibodies, were employed to characterize cells involved in regulation of T cells, proliferating upon stimulation with concanavalin A or phytohaemagglutinin. Evidence for Ia+ accessory cells was obtained and the constellation o...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(86)90127-6
更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although several components of the microbial wall of gram-positive bacteria and fungi possess immunostimulatory properties, their pathogenetic role remains incompletely evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess the basic immune status of patients susceptible to infections and their capability for cytokine pro...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.014
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the last two decades HIV-1 has spread worldwide and has now surpassed malaria as the leading cause of infectious disease mortality in adults (http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/pages/ch1text.html). The clinical course and outcome of HIV-1 infection are highly variable among individuals. Most individuals...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00275-9
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the H-2-incompatible donor-recipient combination (BALB/c----CBA/H) local administration of cyclosporin allows a 4-fold reduction in a single dose prolonging survival of heart tissue allografts. These results suggest that local administration of cyclosporin may be useful for certain grafts. ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(90)90067-z
更新日期：1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In transgenic mice over-expressing CD200 (CD200(tg)) graft survival is associated with increased intra-graft expression of mRNAs for genes associated with altered T cell subset differentiation (Foxp3; TGFβ; IL-10). Grafts are rejected in recipients lacking the inhibitory receptor for CD200, CD200R1. We compared grafts...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.004
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To develop new approach for tumor immunotherapy with VEGFR2-based DNA vaccine. METHODS:VEGFR2 derived from different species were prepared by RT-PCR and subjected to recombinant constructs. The chimeric gene of VEGFR2 was prepared by integrating different epitopes in different species. By transfecting into cells, ...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2009.07.013
更新日期：2009-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymocyte conditioned medium (TCM) was prepared using 2 lots of fetal calf, and 1 lot each of horse and rabbit sera. The 4 TCM and the respective sera alone were compared in their ability to support primary in vitro sensitization to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as assayed by direct plaque formation. As would be expect...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(87)90084-8
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T cell-derived cytokine modulating T cell, B cell, and natural killer cell responses. To determine whether IL-21 contributes to pathologic processes, recombinant IL-21 receptor (R) fusion protein (rhIL-21R-Fc) was examined in mice models of autoimmune arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis)....
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.007
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Cytokine production from activated T cells play a pathogenetic role in mucosal lesions of coeliac disease (CD). Active interleukin (IL)-18 is expressed in the small intestinal mucosa in CD but not in healthy controls. IL-18 enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. We analyzed IL-18 ser...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00243-2
更新日期：2003-02-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic or DNA-based immunization, including genomic immunization, has shown to be a viable alternative approach to induce protective immunity against a number of pathogens in several disease models. Here we describe a new method, cDNA expression library immunization (cDELI), based on the use of a large number of cDNA...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00039-x
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is usually known as an immunosuppressive cytokine, but we and others have shown stimulatory effects of TGF-beta on activation of Th2 T-lymphocytes. In the present investigation we have studied the effect of TGF-beta1 on phosphorylation of ERK, a MAP-kinase downstream of the R...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00184-x
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood coagulation and inflammation pathways are linked in many aspects. A number of serum factors involved in coagulation cascades affect directly or indirectly inflammatory responses, whereas proinflammatory cytokines influence blood coagulation pathways. In this work we demonstrated that thrombin is an effective sti...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00015-2
更新日期：1999-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabbit anti-ovalbumin antibodies were found to bind to Swiss NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by indirect immunofluorescence, and to induce DNA synthesis when these cells were arrested in G0 phase of their replicating cycle (G0-S activity). The proof that these effects were related to the ovalbumin paratopes is based on the follow...
journal_title：Immunology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-2478(87)90069-1
更新日期：1987-05-01 00:00:00
