Abstract：
RATIONALE:Cocaine and opioids are often co-abused. As yet, however, there is no clear evidence that the drugs interact to make the mixture a more effective reinforcer. OBJECTIVE:The present study examined the relative reinforcing potency and maximum effectiveness of the cocaine-opioid combination in monkeys given a choice between cocaine-opioid mixtures and the single-component drugs. METHOD:Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between injections of cocaine (100 μg/kg/inj) and other doses of cocaine (10-560 μg/kg/inj) or remifentanil (0.03-3.0 μg/kg/inj). A dose-addition model was used to select dose combinations for mixtures of cocaine and remifentanil predicted to be equivalent to 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine in reinforcing effect if the drugs were additive. The monkeys were then allowed to choose between (a) cocaine and mixtures predicted to be equivalent to 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine, (b) increasing doses of the mixtures and the single-component drugs, and (c) cocaine or remifentanil at doses that were in the highest safe range. RESULTS:Generally, monkeys preferred the mixtures over 100 μg/kg/inj of cocaine, evidence for superadditivity. However, preferences for the mixture ceased when relatively high doses of single-component drugs were offered as alternatives. When doses within the mixture were raised and offered with relatively high doses of the single drugs, there was no clear preference for either option. The highest dose of remifentanil was chosen over the highest dose of cocaine by all monkeys. CONCLUSION:The current results indicate that cocaine-opioid combinations can be super-additive in terms of potency, but are not, at maximum, more effective than the single-component drugs.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Freeman KB,Woolverton WLdoi
10.1007/s00213-010-2131-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-05-01 00:00:00pages
281-90issue
2eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
215pub_type
杂志文章abstract：RATIONALE:Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the reduction of the startle response magnitude when a startling stimulus is closely preceded by a weak stimulus. PPI is commonly used to measure sensorimotor gating. In rats, the PPI reduction induced by the dopamine agonist apomorphine can be reversed by systemic administ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-3940-z
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The party drug ecstasy is frequently used in combination with other drugs like marihuana and alcohol. In addition, a substantial proportion of the MDMA users has claimed to drive a car when under the influence of MDMA and/or other drugs. OBJECTIVE:To assess the effects of MDMA and alcohol, combined and alone...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0434-z
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were treated once with doses of haloperidol or of droperidol below and above the acute ID50 vs the dopamine agonist apomorphine; they were later challenged with an acute dose of apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg, SC) and rated for stereotyped behavioral responses. The two neuroleptics were similar in acute anti-apomorphine ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00431801
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The involvement of glutamate in fear extinction is perhaps the most promising in terms of facilitating clinical interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study was aimed at elucidating the possible role of zif268 on the D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitation effect on extinction. OBJECTIVE:We in...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-015-4042-7
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiments assessed the development of tolerance to morphine stimulus control during treatment with selected maintenance doses of morphine. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate saline and either 3.2 mg/kg or 5.6 mg/kg morphine under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery. Dose-response functions for g...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02245745
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The dopaminergic system has been proposed to mediate alcohol-induced locomotor activity, yet the mechanisms underlying this behavioral response remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES:This study was conducted to investigate the role of dopamine D2-like receptors in mediating alcohol-induced behavioral responses...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-016-4264-3
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Benzodiazepines and other compounds which act at benzodiazepine binding sites have been shown previously to attenuate the acquisition of conditioned fear in rodents when administered before the acquisition session, an effect which may parallel the disruption of human memory produced by anxiolytics and sedatives. Such ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00181243
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Flumazenil, a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors (BZRs), has been used as a probe to detect effects of putative endogenous ligands for BZRs in anxiety. Flumazenil is renowned for its highly inconsistent behavioral effects. OBJECTIVE:To ascertain effects of flumazenil in the social conflict te...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-003-1583-y
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ventral tegmental area (VTA) evaluates salience of environmental stimuli and provides dopaminergic innervation to many brain areas affected by acute and chronic ethanol exposure. While primarily associated with rewarding and reinforcing stimuli, recent evidence indicates a role for the VTA in aversion as well. Eth...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-4875-y
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:It has been reported that in panic disorder (PD), tryptophan depletion enhances the vulnerability to experimentally induced panic, while the administration of serotonin precursors blunts the response to challenges. OBJECTIVES:Using a high-dose carbon dioxide (CO(2)) challenge, we aimed to investigate the eff...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-011-2177-8
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study employed an animal model of drug relapse in which previously extinguished heroin self-administration behavior was reinstated following a single reinforced trial. Male albino rats were trained to traverse a straight-alley for a reinforcer consisting of a single IV injection of 0.06 mg/kg diacetylmorph...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246658
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The four homoeopathic drugs, Gelsemium, Cannabis Indica, Graphites and Agaricus Muscarius, administered orally in 30th and 200th potencies on white rats, enhanced restraint-induced catalepsy in a similar manner to the two standard drugs pilocarpine and haloperidol (IP injection at 5 mg/kg). All the drugs tested differ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00174371
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nefiracetam is undergoing preclinical and clinical tests as a cognition-enhancing drug in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are lost in AD, and nicotinic as well as muscarinic cholinergic receptors are involved in the modulation of eyeblink conditioning. Experiments were carried out using young...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050275
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The time course of light adaptation after intense light exposure is significantly delayed by alcohol, marijuana, and a combined dose of alcohol and marijuana. These effects were found in a double blind experiment, using 10 subjects. The experimental treatments were placebo, 0.75 ml/kg of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg of de...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF00571413
更新日期：1978-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Seven neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients received bromocriptine and eight schizophrenic patients received CF 25-397, both ergot derivatives with dopamine agonist activity. Psychosis failed to improve in response to either drug at the relatively low doses administered. Unlike the antipsychotic property of apomorph...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/BF00428312
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) differs from other types of hallucinogens in that it possesses direct dopaminergic effects. The exact nature of this component has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE:The present study sought to characterize the effects of several dopamine D(4) agonists and antagonists on the disc...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-008-1238-0
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The primary aim of this project was to examine the role of alcohol use in smoking lapse behavior, as alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for poor smoking cessation outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We have developed a novel human laboratory model to examine two primary aspects of alcohol-mediated tobacc...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0551-8
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discriminative stimulus (DS) effect of apomorphine was investigated in rats trained in a two-lever, food-reinforcement procedure. Rats were given subcutaneous injections of saline or 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine HCl, 15 min before training sessions. The training dose of apomorphine was chosen to activate dopamine autorec...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00690928
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intracerebroventricular administration of carbachol chloride induced a characteristic wet dog shake response in rats. Neither 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, a serotonergic depletor, nor DL-p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, affected wet dog shakes induced by carbachol. Putative antiserotonergic drugs...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426469
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of benztropine, scopolamine, atropine, methylatropine, amitriptyline, phencyclidine, and meperidine were determined alone and in conjunction with a behaviorally suppressing dose (0.05 mg/kg IM) of oxotremorine in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 fixed-interval 5-min schedule of grain pres...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00433492
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The behavioral effects of intraventricularly (IVT) administered (-)-nicotine on food-maintained behavior were studied. Rats responded by pressing a lever under various fixed ratio (FR) schedules. Infusion of 5 microgram of (-)-nicotine suppressed responding under an FR 16 schedule for 11-13 min. The effect was inverse...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00432762
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Heavy ecstasy use in humans has been associated with cognitive impairments and changes in cognitive brain function supposedly due to damage to the serotonin system. There is concern that even a single dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine may be neurotoxic, but very little is known about the consequences ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-007-0792-1
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Intermittent footshock stress effectively reinstates extinguished heroin-, cocaine- and alcohol-taking behaviors, but not behaviors previously maintained by food reinforcers. Here we tested further the generality of the phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement by determining the effect of footshock on reins...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050992
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Although some aspects of memory functions are known to be acutely impaired by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta(9)-THC; the main active constituent of marijuana), effects on other aspects of memory are not known and the time course of functional impairments is unclear. OBJECTIVE:The present study aimed to...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methadone as the most prevalent opioid substitution medication has been shown to influence the neurophysiological functions among heroin addicts. However, there is no firm conclusion on acute neuroelectrophysiological changes among methadone-treated subjects as well as the effectiveness of methadone in restoring brain...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-5035-0
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There were marked strain differences in the duration of the protective effects of diazepam against the convulsant actions of penylenetetrazole and picrotoxin in mice. In no case was significant protection found at 12 h or longer, regardless of whether the incidence of or the latencies to myoclonus or tonic-clonic conv...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00431698
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors review the literature regarding the pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable neuroleptic drugs (LINS). There are important differences between LINS and oral neuroleptics that affect their pharmacokinetics. By avoiding first pass metabolism in gut and liver, LINS result in lower circulating concentrations...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00441937
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of amphetamine on the partial punishment effect (PPE) at one trial per day, were examined. Two groups of animals were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially punished (PP) group received food reward on every trial but in...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00310526
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Recent animal research has shown that, aside from its primary and secondary reinforcing effects, nicotine may enhance reinforcement from stimuli unrelated to nicotine intake. Little human research has directly examined this potentially important influence of nicotine. OBJECTIVES:We report two virtually ident...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-009-1574-8
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After publication of this paper, the authors determined an error in the calculation of the norepinephrine standard concentrations for the HPLC calibration curves. ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-4996-3
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
