[Current challenges of nutrition applied research: ¿person or population?]

Abstract:

:During the last half of the 20th century, Nutrition has evolved in a quick way based on the knowledge of both basic sciences as Biochemistry and Physiology and applied sciences as Epidemiology and Public Health. In that period the nutritional requirements for different population groups grouped by sex, age and physiological conditions have been established. However, in spite of the enormous knowledge in food and nutritional sciences, malnutrition by nutrient deficiencies (protein-energy undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies) and by excess of nutrient intake (overweight and obesity) continues being a critical burden and challenge for numerous countries. In September 2015, the General Assembly of the United Nations established the "Sustainable Development Goals" with the aim of "to warrant a healthy life and promote the welfare for all in all ages", and defined a number of targets to reach maternal, infant and childhood nutrition, as well as to prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. Even though there are food intake guidelines and general recommendations for population nutrient intakes, individuals respond differently to lifestyle interventions depending on their genetic variants, which in turn influence the absorption and metabolism of nutrients. Indeed, the response of an individual to food intake and nutrients is the result of the interaction of a number of metabolic, genetic, environmental and social factors. Nutritional genomics is the science trying to facilitate an explanation at molecular levels of how nutrients and other bioactive food components interact with the genes of an individual and their effects on health. The new "omics" science tools (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) applied to nutrition is currently allowing the development of nutritional genomics. While "personalized nutrition" refers to the adaptation of the diet to individual needs and preferences, "precision nutrition" predicts whether an individual is responding or not to specific nutrients and food and dietary patterns in such a way they can contribute to the prevention of disease based on the genetic information and phenotype of that particular individual. One of the biggest challenges of nutrition today is to make possible precision nutrition in order to contribute to the improvement of the population and decrease the burden of non-communicable chronic diseases. :Durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx la nutrición se ha desarrollado de forma acelerada, basada en los conocimientos de ciencias básicas, como la bioquímica y la fisiología, y de ciencias aplicadas, como la epidemiología y la salud pública. En ese periodo se han establecido recomendaciones de nutrientes para determinados segmentos de población según su sexo, edad y condición fisiológica. No obstante, a pesar de los conocimientos generados, la desnutrición, tanto por defecto (deficiencia proteico-energética y de micronutrientes) como por exceso (sobrepeso y obesidad), representa una lacra para numerosos países. En septiembre de 2015, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas estableció los denominados Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) con el fin de “garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar para todos en todas las edades”, y se determinaron una serie de metas específicas para la nutrición materna, la de los lactantes y la de los niños de corta edad, así como para la prevención y control de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. A pesar de que existen recomendaciones de ingesta de nutrientes a nivel poblacional, los individuos responden de forma diferente a las intervenciones en los estilos de vida a causa de que sus variantes génicas influyen en la absorción y utilización metabólica de los nutrientes. Es decir, la respuesta de un individuo a la ingesta de alimentos (y, por lo tanto, de los nutrientes) resulta de la interacción de factores metabólicos, genéticos, ambientales y sociales. La genómica nutricional es la ciencia que trata de facilitar una explicación a nivel molecular de cómo los nutrientes y otros componentes de los alimentos interaccionan con el conjunto de genes de un individuo y su repercusión sobre el estado de salud. Las herramientas de las ciencias ómicas (genómica, epigenómica, transcriptómica, proteómica y metabolómica) aplicadas a la nutrición posibilitan el desarrollo de la genómica nutricional. Mientras que el concepto de “nutrición personalizada” se refiere a la adaptación de la dieta a las necesidades y referencias individuales, la “nutrición de precisión” predice si un individuo concreto va a responder a determinados nutrientes y patrones dietéticos, de forma que la utilización de la información genética y fenotípica del individuo puede contribuir a la prevención de la enfermedad. Uno de los mayores retos de la nutrición es posibilitar una nutrición de precisión basada en el conocimiento para contribuir así a mejorar la salud de la población y disminuir la incidencia de enfermedades crónicas.

journal_name

Nutr Hosp

journal_title

Nutricion hospitalaria

authors

Gil Hernández Á

doi

10.20960/nh.2123

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-06-12 00:00:00

pages

39-43

issue

Spec No4

eissn

0212-1611

issn

1699-5198

journal_volume

35

pub_type

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