Abstract：
:The subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of analgesic doses of oral codeine and morphine were examined in 12 healthy volunteers. Subjects ingested placebo, morphine 20 or 40 mg, or codeine 60 or 120 mg in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The smaller and larger doses of each drug were putatively equianalgesic, and the cold-pressor test was included to test this assumption. Codeine and morphine increased ratings of "feel drug effect" but had little effect on other subjective measures, including the Addiction Research Center Inventory, visual analog scales, and adjective checklists. The few subjective effects that were observed were modest and were dose-related for morphine but not for codeine. The drugs did not affect performance on Maddox-Wing, digit-symbol substitution, coordination, auditory reaction, reasoning, and memory tests. Dose-related decreases in pupil size (miosis) were observed following codeine and morphine. Ratings of pain intensity decreased in a dose-related manner for morphine but not for codeine. Plasma codeine and morphine levels varied as an orderly function of dose. These results suggest that oral codeine and morphine are appropriate drugs for outpatient pain relief because they are effective analgesics at doses that have only modest effects on mood, produce few side effects, and do not impair performance. The results also suggest a possible ceiling effect of codeine on analgesia and subjective effects.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Walker DJ,Zacny JPdoi
10.1007/s002130050757subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-11-01 00:00:00pages
191-201issue
2eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
140pub_type
临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验abstract：:Low doses of 8-OH-DPAT (62.5-250 micrograms/kg) were reinforcing in the place preference conditioning procedure, while a higher dose (1 mg/kg) supported a conditioned place aversion. The 5-HT synthesis inhibitor PCPA, and the DA antagonists pimozide and sulpiride, had no effect when administered alone, but abolished t...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02244082
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide secreted by hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neurons, is thought to mediate stress-related behaviors. The tension reduction hypothesis suggests that ethanol drinking reduces stress; that drinking is reinforced by this reduced stress; and that the probability of dr...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050697
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic system of two new atypical antipsychotic drugs: the ergoline derivative SDZ HDC-912, which is a dopamine (DA) D2 receptor partial agonist; and the quinolinone derivative OPC-4392, which acts as an agonist at pre...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246969
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The behavioral performance of inbred mouse strains was examined in animal models of anxiety to evaluate the potential contribution of genetic factors to fear-motivated behaviors. The preference that randomly bred mice and rats exhibit for the enclosed as opposed to the open arms of an elevated maze has been considered...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02244948
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present experiment examined effects of nicotine on body weight of male and female rats when Oreo cookies, potato chips, laboratory chow, and water were available. Body weight and eating behavior were measured for 17-day periods before, during, and after nicotine or saline administration. There was an inverse relat...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00212851
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ibogaine is currently being investigated for its potential use as an anti-addictive agent. In the present study we sought to determine whether prior morphine exposure influences the ability of ibogaine to inhibit morphine-induced locomotor stimulation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated once a day for 1-4 days...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246495
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats that are placed in a novel environment containing a probe will explore the environment and the probe. Exploration of the probe is reduced when the probe is electrified. We here report that chlordiazepoxide blocks this inhibition, and have determined some of the pharmacological features of this new experimental pr...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00178505
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Although many studies have investigated the effects of gestational and lactational cocaine use on maternal behavior, few studies have examined the effects of prior adult cocaine use on maternal behavior. METHODS:In the current study, intraperitoneal cocaine or saline was administered to adult female rats for...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-010-1777-z
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Indirect-acting serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists can enhance the antinociceptive effects of morphine; however, the specific 5-HT receptor subtype(s) mediating this enhancement is not established. OBJECTIVE:This study examined interactions between morphine and both 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists in...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-012-2870-2
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The antidepressant nortriptyline is a second-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Given that there is limited preclinical data available on the effects of nortriptyline on responses to nicotine, the present study sought to evaluate its effects on the reinforcing, discriminative stimulus (DS) and aversi...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-011-2413-2
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a phase II study the antidepressive effect of citalopram, a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was examined in 20 endogenously and three non-endogenously depressed hospitalized patients. Four endogenously depressed patients dropped out due to deterioration early in the treatment period. The remainin...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00464566
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To confirm the conclusions from a previous study supporting the usefullness of electropupillogram (E.P.G.) in predicting clinical response, data from three separate studies with hyperkinetic and learning disabled (L.D.) children treated with stimulants were surveyed. Change in extent of pupillary contraction (E.C.) af...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00426885
更新日期：1978-04-28 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Little is known about the smoking topography characteristics of heavy cannabis users. Such measures may be able to predict cannabis use-related outcomes and could be used to validate self-reported measures of cannabis use. OBJECTIVES:The current study was conducted to measure cannabis smoking topography char...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Ketamine, a well-known general dissociative anesthetic agent that is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, perturbs the perception of elapsed time and the expectation of upcoming events. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to determine the influence of ketamine on temporal ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-020-05706-6
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four macaques with lesions of dorsolateral frontal cortex and 4 normal monkeys were injected with 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Observations of social behaviors and motor activity were conducted over a 1-month period. The results of this experiment show a partial dissociation of effects of amphetamines on behavior of normal ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00428704
更新日期：1976-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Impulsivity has been strongly linked to addictive behaviors, but can be operationalized in a number of ways that vary considerably in overlap, suggesting multidimensionality. OBJECTIVE:This study tested the hypothesis that the latent structure among multiple measures of impulsivity would reflect the followin...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-016-4372-0
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After initial exposure to 80 mg/kg, pigeons trained on a two-key drug discrimination procedure rapidly learned to discriminate 120 mg/kg ethosuximide from saline. When 40-160 mg/kg doses of ethosuximide were administered during generalization tests, the percentage of responses directed to the ethosuximide-appropriate ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00207236
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cigarette smokers have a wide variety of "tar" and nicotine yields to choose from in the current market, ranging from 0.5 mg "tar" and less than 0.05 mg nicotine to 27 mg "tar" and 1.8 mg nicotine by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method. To understand better the relationship between FTC nicotine yields and actual...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246082
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new benzamide, cis-N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin - 3 - yl) - 5 - chloro - 2 - methoxy - 4 - methylaminobenzamide (YM-09151-2) exhibited more potent and longer-lasting inhibitory effects on apomorphine-induced behaviours (stereotyped behaviour, emesis and hypothermia), and methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavio...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00429198
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Receptor mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of clinically used nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists have not been fully established. OBJECTIVE:Drug discrimination was used to compare receptor mechanisms underlying the effects of smoking cessation aids. METHODS:Separate groups of male C57BL/6J...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-013-3037-5
更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:In animal studies, the common club drug 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") consistently caused a prolonged loss of presynaptic serotonergic neurons, and evidence suggests that MDMA consumption may also affect the human serotonergic system. Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the regulation...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-005-0256-4
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a test of conditioned punishment, saline-treated controls showed a moderate bias in responding away from a lever producing a response-contingent auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) that had been paired with mild footshock during training and towards a lever producing a neutral auditory CS. Systemic treatment with th...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002130050174
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Dependence on both alcohol and cocaine is a widespread example of polydrug abuse/dependence. It has been hypothesized that ethanol reward is mediated via increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in mesolimbic striatum, as is the case for cocaine. However, little is known about the neurobiology of ethanol in p...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-002-1233-9
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of an acoustic startle response is impaired in schizophrenics. PPI can also be studied in the rat, and is impaired by dopamine (DA) D2/3 receptor agonists such as apomorphine. This disruption is reversed by DA antagonists, leading to proposals that this approach may be a useful means to ident...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02246437
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:The progesterone metabolite 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha-ol-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) is an important modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress-induced corticosterone response. Typically, 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels are increased in response to acute stress, which may then reduce corticosterone ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-005-0253-7
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Soda manufacturers claim that caffeine is added to soda as a flavor enhancer, but many researchers have speculated that caffeine is added to increase the hedonic and reinforcing properties of the soda. Studies in adults have demonstrated that caffeine can condition flavor preferences when added to novel-flav...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00213-012-2684-2
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Serotonin (5-HT) plays a key role in different aspects of value-based decision-making. A recent framework proposed that tonic 5-HT (together with dopamine, DA) codes future average reward expectations, providing a baseline against which possible choice outcomes are compared to guide decision-making. OBJECTIV...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-018-4913-9
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medial thalamic (MT), and hippocampal (HPC) EEG, and single unit activity, and frontal cortical (CTX) EEG were recorded following IV infusions of 0.625 mg morphine/kg in drug-naive, and following 0.0125 mg naloxone/kg in morphine-dependent paralyzed rats. Particular effort was made to assess the latency of the respons...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00433246
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The general premise that receptor theory provides a useful framework for understanding the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs has been a central tenet of behavioral pharmacology. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this review is to reiterate this basic theme and, in particular, the proposition that current con...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s002130000567
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:Brain waves reflect collective behavior of neurons and provide insight into distributed network processing. Frontal and hippocampal theta oscillations (4-7 Hz) were linked to cognitive tasks and animal studies have suggested an involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in integrative frontal-hippocampal ...
journal_title：Psychopharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00213-006-0397-0
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
