Abstract：
:Cholinergic interneurons have emerged as one of the key players controlling network functions in the striatum. Extracellularly recorded cholinergic interneurons acquire characteristic responses to sensory stimuli during reward-related learning, including a pause and subsequent rebound in spiking. However, the precise underlying cellular mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of cholinergic interneuron activity. We discuss evidence of mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie sensory responses, including antagonistic actions by dopamine, recurrent inhibition via local interneurons, and an intrinsically generated membrane hyperpolarization in response to excitatory inputs. The review highlights outstanding questions and concludes with a model of the sensory responses and their downstream effects through dynamic acetylcholine receptor activation.
journal_name
Trends Neuroscijournal_title
Trends in neurosciencesauthors
Schulz JM,Reynolds JNdoi
10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
41-50issue
1eissn
0166-2236issn
1878-108Xpii
S0166-2236(12)00170-1journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In the classical picture of brain function, electrical impulses are initiated in sensory organs and spread rapidly down axons, jumping synaptic clefts by neurochemical transmission. Patterns of electrical activity generated in this way integrate information throughout the brain and result in coordinated motor output. ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90089-1
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The nervous system contains a diverse group of cells. Specification of the correct cell fate is obviously important for the proper function of the nervous system, yet how are the fates of different neurons determined during development? Very little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms used in the mammali...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(90)90083-m
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic pain is sustained by central neuronal sensitization, with many similar characteristics irrespective of the type of injury incurred. Nevertheless, pain arising from nerve injury (neuropathic pain) is resistant to centrally acting analgesics, whereas inflammatory pain responds well. New research indicates that t...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.03.014
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) is built on a foundation of connection, integration, and the exchange of complex information among brain cells. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key players in the intercellular communication that underlies physiological processes such...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.006
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic pain secondary to neuronal injury is actively and continuously modulated at multiple locations along the sensory neuraxis. Here, we describe how nociceptive neurons of the spinal cord and thalamus process and communicate nociceptive information in terms of precisely calibrated firing patterns. We then discuss ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.004
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Axonal transport is critical for neuronal homeostasis and relies on motor complexes bound to cargoes via specific adaptors. However, the mechanisms responsible for the spatiotemporal regulation of axonal transport are not completely understood. A recent study by Liao et al. contributes to filling this gap by reporting...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2019.10.006
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT(3) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which are generally thought to be involved in the presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release. However, analysis of published data reveals that most of the evidence for the alleged presynaptic role of 5-HT(3) receptors in modulating CNS neurotran...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01662-3
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Foraging-associated predation risk is a natural problem all prey must face. Fear evolved due to its protective functions, guiding and shaping behaviors that help animals adapt to various ecological challenges. Despite the breadth of risky situations in nature that demand diversity in fear behaviors, contemporary neuro...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.001
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both theoretical and experimental animal work supports the hypothesis that transient oscillatory synchronization of neuronal assemblies at gamma frequencies (30-100 Hz) is closely associated with sensory processing. Recent data from recordings in animals and humans have suggested that gamma-frequency activity also has...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.001
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the mechanisms regulating the cerebral microcirculation during neural activity have been the subject of inquiry for a century or more, the mediators responsible for the changes in cerebral blood flow still remain to be clearly identified. The discovery that nitric oxide, a powerful cerebrovasodilator, is prod...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(93)90156-g
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute inflammation plays an important role in host tissue defense against injury and infection, and also subsequent tissue repair. In the central nervous system parenchyma, following many types of insults, the acute inflammatory response to rapid neuronal degeneration or challenge with inflammatory substances differs ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(93)90180-t
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic studies have identified several of the genes associated with malformations of cortical development which might disrupt each of the main stages of cell proliferation and specification, neuronal migration and late cortical organization. The largest malformation groups, focal cortical dysplasia, heterotopia and p...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.004
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It might appear curious to read about yeast, slime molds and protozoa in a journal dedicated to neuroscience. However, despite their distinct lack of synapses, eukaryotic microorganisms hold a wealth of information relevant to the signal-transduction pathways that underly activity in neuronal receptor cells, particula...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(94)90076-0
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The two GluN3 subunits were the last NMDA receptor subunits to be cloned some 15 years ago. Strikingly, despite the steadily growing interest in their function, their physiological role remains elusive. The original billing as dominant-negative modulators of classical NMDA receptors composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunit...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.010
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lyme disease is of interest to the neurologist and neuroscientist for a variety of reasons. As more arthropod hosts throughout the world are infected with the causative organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, the illness in humans is becoming more prevalent; in addition, recognition of the disease in humans and susceptible an...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(89)90065-9
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels activated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and are essential to all aspects of brain function, including learning and memory formation. Missense mutations distributed throughout NMDAR subunits have been associated with an array of neurological disorders. Recent stru...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2017.01.001
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The strange and unpleasant sensations (paraesthesiae) or asynchronous motor-unit activation (fasciculation) that result from a period of limb ischaemia are examples of ectopic discharge in peripheral nerves. Ectopic activity also results from demyelination and is associated with serious neurological conditions, such a...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01645-3
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serotonin is an important neuromodulator associated with a wide range of physiological effects in the central nervous system. The exact mechanisms whereby serotonin influences brain development are not well understood, although studies in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms are beginning to unravel a regulator...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2010.05.005
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of central synapses to undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) still captures the imagination of scientists and has become one of the most fascinating and deeply studied questions in modern neuroscience. By the mid-1990s, however, the field was deeply ensnarled in trying to answer a passionately dichotomous q...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.07.002
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurons are dynamic cells that respond and adapt to stimuli throughout their long postmitotic lives. The structural and functional plasticity of neurons requires the regulated transcription of new gene products, and dysregulation of transcription in either the developing or adult brain impairs cognition. We discuss ho...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.009
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Major themes in neuroethology concern the specificity of key stimuli, neurones tuned to such stimuli, and the release of corresponding behaviour. Neurobiological data from the analysis of visuomotor functions of prey-catching and avoiding in amphibians support the view that retinal outflow in different combinations is...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(96)01042-9
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For several decades, the reactive gliosis that occurs after an injury to the CNS has been considered one of the major impediments to axonal regeneration. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that in certain conditions, reactive astrocytes may provide a permissive substratum to support axonal regrowth. The impor...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01139-9
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become a model for the study of a growing number of human characteristics because of the power of its genetics. Higher cognitive functions, however, might be assumed to be out of reach for the little fly. But the cumulative history of cognitive studies in insects and some of...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.002
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well established that some excitatory nerve terminals have high concentrations of Zn(2+) in their synaptic vesicles. For some time, it has been believed that synaptic Zn(2+) is released during neurotransmission and acts as a neuromodulator. Fluorescent Zn(2+) indicators that do not penetrate membranes offer the ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2006.02.004
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Navigation depends upon neural systems that monitor spatial location and head orientation. Recent developmental findings have led some to conclude that these systems are innate. Such claims are premature. But also, there are more meaningful ways to arrive at answers about developmental origins than by invoking the out...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2015.01.001
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More often than not, action potentials fail to trigger neurotransmitter release. And even when neurotransmitter is released, the resulting change in synaptic conductance is highly variable. Given the energetic cost of generating and propagating action potentials, and the importance of information transmission across s...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.009
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fast-acting ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) constitute a group that encompasses nicotinic ACh, 5-HT3, GABAA and glycine receptors. Undoubtedly, they all share a common evolutionary ancestor, and the group can therefore be considered to be a gene superfamily. Because the members of the superfamily are all recepto...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0166-2236(95)93887-4
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microglia provide immune surveillance of the CNS. They display diverse behaviors, including nondirectional and directed motility of their processes, phagocytosis of targets such as dying neurons or superfluous synapses, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines. Many of these functions are mediated...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2018.12.007
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Information that is congruent with existing knowledge (a schema) is usually better remembered than less congruent information. Only recently, however, has the role of schemas in memory been studied from a systems neuroscience perspective. Moreover, incongruent (novel) information is also sometimes better remembered. H...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tins.2012.02.001
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The existence of an endogenous cannabinoid system was demonstrated conclusively with the discovery of endogenous brain constituents capable of activating the cannabinoid receptors functionally. These compounds are synthesized by neuronal cells and inactivated through re-uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis by both neurons ...
journal_title：Trends in neurosciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01283-1
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
