Macrophages and inflammation in the central nervous system.

abstract：:Relief from pain in humans is rewarding and pleasurable. Primary rewards, or reward-predictive cues, are encoded in brain reward/motivational circuits. While considerable advances have been made in our understanding of reward circuits underlying positive reinforcement, less is known about the circuits underlying the h...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Navratilova E,Atcherley CW,Porreca F

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current dominant model of binaural sound localization proposes that the lateral position of a sound source is determined by the position of maximal activation within an array of binaural coincidence-detector neurons that are tuned to different interaural time differences (ITDs). The tuning of a neuron for an ITD i...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： McAlpine D,Grothe B

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been suggested, on the basis of neuroanatomical and behavioural data, that olfactory discrimination in the rat provides privileged access to higher cognitive processes, involves the acquisition of a learning-set and, importantly, can be used to model human hippocampal function and dysfunction. In this article, ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Reid IC,Morris RG

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A variety of fatty acids regulate the activity of specific ion channels by mechanisms not involving the enzymatic pathways that convert arachidonic acid to oxygenated metabolites. Furthermore, these actions of fatty acids occur in patches of membrane excised from the cell and are not mediated by cellular signal transd...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Ordway RW,Singer JJ,Walsh JV Jr

更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adult rodents, subventricular zone (SVZ) astrocytes (B cells) function as primary progenitors in the generation of new neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into multiple types of interneurons. It has been generally considered that individual adult SVZ stem cells are capable of g...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Lledo PM,Merkle FT,Alvarez-Buylla A

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurodegenerative tauopathies are marked by their common pathologic feature of aggregates formed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, which are associated with synapse and neuronal loss. Changes in tau conformation result in both loss of normal function and gain of fibrillogenicity that leads to aggregation. Here, we d...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Spires-Jones TL,Stoothoff WH,de Calignon A,Jones PB,Hyman BT

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unlike most mammalian species, the prairie vole is highly affiliative, forms enduring social bonds between mates and displays biparental behavior. Over two decades of research on this species has enhanced our understanding of the neurobiological basis not only of monogamy, social attachment and nurturing behaviors but...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： McGraw LA,Young LJ

更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women experience many pain conditions more frequently when compared with men, but the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain remain poorly understood. In particular, little is known about possible sex differences in peripheral nociceptors, the fundamental building blocks of pain transmission. Emergin...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Chen Y,Navratilova E,Dodick DW,Porreca F

更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendrites of pyramidal neurons are complex, electrically active structures that can produce local and global Ca(2+) compartments. Recent studies indicate that dendrites of cortical GABAergic interneurons are also highly specialized, and that different subtypes vary in their morphology, in their intrinsic and synaptic ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Goldberg JH,Yuste R

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic pain is a major medical problem that is resistant to conventional medical intervention. It also causes emotional changes such as anxiety and fear. Furthermore, anxiety or fear often enhances the suffering of pain. Based on recent studies, I propose chronic anxiety triggered by injury or chronic pain is mediate...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Zhuo M

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The number of neuroscientists in Europe is large enough to match that of the neuroscientific community in North America. However, the degree of cohesiveness in the former is hampered by, among other things, the lack of a common language, the existence of geopolitical boundaries, and the dearth of pan-European funding ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Singer W

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Maladaptive responses to stress and the associated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids cause psychopathologies ranging from hyperemotional states and mood dysfunction to cognitive impairments. Research in both humans and animal models has begun to identify morphological correlates of these functional changes. These incl...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Sousa N,Almeida OF

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Volumetric measurements of the brain regions in eight-year-old children indicate that the poor cognitive and behavioral outcomes noted in ex-preterm neonates are associated with reduced volumes of specific regions in the brain. Recent literature suggests that this reduction might result from enhanced apoptosis or exci...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Bhutta AT,Anand KJ

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The two GluN3 subunits were the last NMDA receptor subunits to be cloned some 15 years ago. Strikingly, despite the steadily growing interest in their function, their physiological role remains elusive. The original billing as dominant-negative modulators of classical NMDA receptors composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunit...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Pachernegg S,Strutz-Seebohm N,Hollmann M

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although signs of empathy have now been well documented in non-human primates, only during the past few years have systematic observations suggested that a primal form of empathy exists in rodents. Thus, the study of empathy in animals has started in earnest. Here we review recent studies indicating that rodents are a...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Panksepp J,Panksepp JB

更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic pain is sustained by central neuronal sensitization, with many similar characteristics irrespective of the type of injury incurred. Nevertheless, pain arising from nerve injury (neuropathic pain) is resistant to centrally acting analgesics, whereas inflammatory pain responds well. New research indicates that t...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Garry EM,Fleetwood-Walker SM

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of the complement system has been reported in a variety of inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative processes of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that complement proteins and receptors are synthesized on or by glial cells and, surprisingly, neurons. Among these proteins are the receptors for the chemot...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Nataf S,Stahel PF,Davoust N,Barnum SR

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hereditary ataxias are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive ataxia that results from degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. Recent molecular research has led not only to the discovery of a number of causative mutations, but also shed light...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Klockgether T,Evert B

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For organs innervated by the autonomic nervous system, it is generally held that neuroeffector transmission is achieved by varicosities releasing transmitters some distance from the membranes of target cells. Transmitters are thought to diffuse through the extracellular space and interact with post-junctional receptor...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Hirst GD,Bramich NJ,Edwards FR,Klemm M

更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In monkeys, the rostral part of ventral premotor cortex (area F5) contains neurons that discharge, both when the monkey grasps or manipulates objects and when it observes the experimenter making similar actions. These neurons (mirror neurons) appear to represent a system that matches observed events to similar, intern...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Rizzolatti G,Arbib MA

更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A genetic analysis of mammalian neuronal physiology might now be possible due to the development of defective herpes simplex virus vectors, which allow gene transfer directly into mature neurons, in culture or in the adult brain. Genetically altered proteins that play critical roles in neuronal physiology, including t...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Geller AI,During MJ,Neve RL

更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptically released glutamate activates extrasynaptic receptors; such actions are controlled by glutamate uptake. Recent experimental findings show that there are many more glutamate transporters on the postsynaptic than presynaptic side of the vicinity of central synapses. This asymmetry favours activation of axona...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Rusakov DA,Lehre KP

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Schizophrenia (SZ) is primarily an adult psychiatric disorder in which disturbances caused by susceptibility genes and environmental insults during early neurodevelopment initiate neurophysiological changes over a long time course, culminating in the onset of full-blown disease nearly two decades later. Aberrant postn...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Jaaro-Peled H,Hayashi-Takagi A,Seshadri S,Kamiya A,Brandon NJ,Sawa A

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:GABAergic interneurons innervating the perisomatic region of pyramidal cells control population discharge patterns, and thereby all cognitive operations in the cerebral cortex. A striking dichotomy in the function of this interneuron population seems to emerge from the synthesis of recent molecular, anatomical and ele...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Freund TF

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Short-term synaptic plasticity has a key role in information processing in the CNS, whereas memories can be formed through long-lasting changes in synaptic strength. Despite the importance of these phenomena, it remains difficult to determine whether a synaptic modulation is expressed at a presynaptic or postsynaptic ...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Clements JD,Silver RA

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:How the brain becomes lateralized is poorly understood. By contrast, much is known about molecular cues that specify the left-right axis of the body, fashioning the asymmetric morphology and positioning of the visceral organs. In zebrafish, the Nodal signaling pathway functions in visceral asymmetry and also in the em...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Halpern ME,Liang JO,Gamse JT

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Life span is determined by both environmental and genetic influences. The importance of genes is illustrated by the fact that single gene mutations extend life span in nematodes, fruit flies and mice. Recent reports reveal that the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by insulin-like signals from the nerv...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Wolkow CA

更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are pluripotent stem cells in the adult brain that might not be very different from those found in bone marrow. Recent and profound advances in the field of neuropoiesis, which often rely on insights from studies of hematopoiesis and in some instances use cross-paradigms with this field, have already revealed th...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Scheffler B,Horn M,Blumcke I,Laywell ED,Coomes D,Kukekov VG,Steindler DA

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fast-acting ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) constitute a group that encompasses nicotinic ACh, 5-HT3, GABAA and glycine receptors. Undoubtedly, they all share a common evolutionary ancestor, and the group can therefore be considered to be a gene superfamily. Because the members of the superfamily are all recepto...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Ortells MO,Lunt GG

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite its highly diffusible nature, the gaseous signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can exert specific effects within the CNS and PNS. To date, the specificity of the actions of NO remains an unsolved puzzle. There are several plausible mechanisms that might account for this specificity in the context of autonomic...

journal_title：Trends in neurosciences

authors： Paton JF,Kasparov S,Paterson DJ

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00