Abstract:
CONTEXT:Cocoa-derived ingredients are used in cigarette tobacco. OBJECTIVE:A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes containing different added levels of cocoa-derived ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Five cocoa-derived ingredients chocolate (CH), cocoa (COC), cocoa-grand prix black (CGPB), cocoa nibs tincture (CNT) and cocoa shells extract (CSE) were added individually to experimental cigarettes at three different levels. Smoke from each of the experimental cigarette types was evaluated using analytical chemistry; in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity testing were performed for four of the five compounds. For CH, COC and CNT, 90-day smoke inhalation studies were performed with 6-week recovery periods. RESULTS:No consistent changes were found in the analytical chemistry results. Results of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity were unaffected by any of the ingredients. Two of the three inhalation studies showed very few differences between the groups. The inhalation study with COC showed several increases in mean histopathology severity scores in groups exposed to different levels of COC, compared with the controls. These apparent effects of COC on histopathology lesion severity scores were only present in a single sex and none were dose-related, which is not consistent with a true increase in biological activity. Also there were effectively no differences in the patterns of recovery for any of the compounds. CONCLUSIONS:Even at high inclusion levels there was a lack of toxicological response in these COC derived ingredients.
journal_name
Inhal Toxicoljournal_title
Inhalation toxicologyauthors
Coggins CR,Fisher MT,Smith DC,Oldham MJdoi
10.3109/08958378.2010.542580subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-01 00:00:00pages
70-83eissn
0895-8378issn
1091-7691journal_volume
23 Suppl 1pub_type
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/08958370802105371
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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doi:10.1080/08958370590912851
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.745633
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abstract::This paper summarizes available data on worker exposures to asphalt fume (soluble fraction), total particulate matter, and respirable crystalline silica (quartz) [hereinafter RCS] over a 30-year period in Owens Corning's asphalt production and roofing manufacturing plants. For the period 1977 through 2006, the air-mon...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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doi:10.3109/08958378.2011.604107
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abstract::Biodiesel made from the transesterification of plant- and animal-derived oils is an important alternative fuel source for diesel engines. Although numerous studies have reported health effects associated with petroleum diesel emissions, information on biodiesel emissions are more limited. To this end, a program at the...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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doi:10.3109/08958378.2015.1076910
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abstract::Rats were exposed to a new graphite whisker for 4 wk by inhalation. Mass and fiber concentrations were 8.3 +/- 2.2 mg/m3 and 151.7 +/- 78.8 fibers (F)/ml, respectively, and mass median aerodynamic diameter was 3.0 micro m. Geometric mean sizes of the original whiskers were 0.86 micro m diameter and 6.8 micro m length....
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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abstract::The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low-level concentrations, under the occupational acceptable limits, of toluene exposure and peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation on Th1/Th2 immunity in infant mice. Pregnant BALB/c mice and their offspring were exposed to low-level toluene inhalation (0, 5, and ...
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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abstract::A number of Norwegian soldiers have reported health problems after live-fire training using the HK416 rifle. The objective of this study was to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from three different types of ammunition, and record the health effects after exposure to emissions from live-firing. Fifty-five...
journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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abstract::The effect of particles from road traffic and wood smoke on the innate immune response in the lung was studied in a lung challenge model with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Female Balb/cA mice were instilled intratracheally with wood smoke particles, particles from road traffic collected during wi...
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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doi:10.3109/08958378.2012.731436
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title:Inhalation toxicology
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