Abstract：
CONTEXT:Eleven carbohydrates and natural product ingredients were added individually to experimental cigarettes. OBJECTIVE:A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from these experimental cigarettes to matched control cigarettes without test ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Smoke fractions from each cigarette type were evaluated using analytical chemistry; in vitro cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake) and in vitro bacterial (Salmonella) mutagenicity (five strains) testing. For 10 ingredients (β-cyclodextrin, cleargum, D-sorbitol, high fructose corn syrup, honey, invert sugar, maltodextrin, molasses, raisin juice concentrate, and sucrose), 90-day nose-only smoke inhalation studies using rats were also performed. RESULTS:In general, addition of each ingredient in experimental cigarettes resulted in minimal changes in smoke chemistry; the exceptions were D-sorbitol and sucrose, where reductions in amount of 60% to 80% of control values for some smoke constituents were noted. Additionally, each ingredient resulted in small increases in smoke formaldehyde concentrations. Except for a reduction in cytotoxicity by inclusion of maltodextrin and an increase by inclusion of plum juice concentrate, the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity results were unaffected by addition of the other ingredients in experimental cigarettes. There were also very few statistically significant differences within any of the 10 inhalation studies, and when present, the differences were largely sporadic and inconsistent between sexes. CONCLUSION:The carbohydrates and natural products tested here as ingredients in experimental cigarettes as a class increased formaldehyde, but resulted in minimal toxicological responses, even at high inclusion levels compared with the levels used in commercial cigarette products.
journal_name
Inhal Toxicoljournal_title
Inhalation toxicologyauthors
Coggins CR,Wagner KA,Werley MS,Oldham MJdoi
10.3109/08958378.2011.545085subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-01 00:00:00pages
13-40eissn
0895-8378issn
1091-7691journal_volume
23 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Asthma rates have been increasing worldwide, and exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) may be implicated in this increase. DEP may also play a role in the increased morbidity and mortality associated with ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure. Two types of nasal responses have been reported for human ...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370600743027
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study aims to investigate the negative effects of chronic exposure to isoflurane on spermatogenesis and explore the underlying mechanisms. Sixty male rats were randomly allocated to two groups: control group, receiving no treatment, and anesthesia group, administrated exposure to isoflurane (2 ppm) for 25 consecu...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2015.1080772
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abstract：:Epidemiologic studies of air pollution require accurate exposure assessments at unmonitored locations in order to minimize exposure misclassification. One approach gaining considerable interest is the land-use regression (LUR) model. Generally, the LUR model has been utilized to characterize air pollution exposure and...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08958370701495998
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abstract：:Concurrent exposure to SO(2) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) resulted in an increased incidence of lung tumors in rodents compared to exposure to B(a)P alone. A synergistic effect on the expression of c-fos and c-jun between SO(2) and B(a)P was observed in lungs after SO(2) and B(a)P exposure. However, tumorigenesis occurs...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958370903341891
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abstract：:Irritant-induced inflammation of the airways may aggravate respiratory allergy induced by chemical respiratory allergens. Therefore, the effect of airway irritation by synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) on respiratory allergy to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was studied. Brown Norway (BN) rats were topically sensitized on...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:Species differences in the handling of particles are topics of interest for setting ambient particulate matter standards as well as for studies involving the phenomenon of lung overload and the implications, if any, of such studies for workplace dust exposure standards. The dosimetry of inhaled particles differs among...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2000.11463250
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abstract：:Increased lung cancer incidence with workers at the production site of crude silicon carbide (SiC) using the Acheson process has been reported. Several agents derived from the process were discussed as causative factors. Recently concern had been expressed about the presence of cleavage fragments (CFs) in commercial p...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2014.885099
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abstract：OBJECTIVE:There has been an increase in the popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) worldwide, especially in the younger population, including asthma patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of waterpipe smoking on airway inflammation, cytokine levels and oxidative stress markers in an antigen-driven ...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2017.1280105
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：CONTEXT:There have been no animal studies of the health effects of repeated inhalation of mixtures representing downwind pollution from coal combustion. Environmental exposures typically follow atmospheric processing and mixing with pollutants from other sources. OBJECTIVE:This was the fourth study by the National Env...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2011.572932
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abstract：:Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common but important air pollutant. Micronuclei (MN) in the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of mouse bone marrow and the ratio between organ and body weight of treatment mouse were determined and analyzed in vivo in order to study injury of sulfur dioxide inhalation on organs and germ plasm ...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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abstract：:Recent studies have shown that air pollution is a risk factor for hospitalization for pneumonia. However, there is limited evidence to suggest what subpopulations are at greater risk from air pollution. This study was undertaken to examine the modifying effect of specific secondary diagnosis (including hypertension, d...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958370902744855
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abstract：:Although the association between exposure to asbestos fibers and the development of lung cancer and mesothelioma has been well established in humans, the carcinogenic potential of other natural and man-made fibers/particles is not clear. Various in vitro genotoxicity studies have been employed to assess their in vivo ...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate the potential cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with sildenafil. The SLNs were tested as a new drug delivery system (DDS) for the inhalable treatment of pulmonary hypertension in human lungs. Solubility of sildenafil in SLN lipid matrix (30:70 phospholipid:...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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abstract：BACKGROUND:Nanoparticles are being rapidly assimilated into numerous research fields and consumer products. A concurrent increase in human exposure to such materials is expected. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess unique and beneficial features, increasing their functionality and integrative potential. However, MNP ...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2011.592869
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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abstract：CONTEXT:Heart rate alterations associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants have been observed in epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Nevertheless, the time-lag of these associations is still unclear. OBJECTIVE:Determine the association at different time-lags between the compl...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958370903349365
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is tied to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among those with prior cardiac injury. The mechanisms and pathophysiological events precipitating these outcomes remain poorly understood but may involve inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia an...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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doi：10.3109/08958378.2014.995387
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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abstract：:The understanding of historical ambient asbestos concentrations is critical to exposure mapping and retrospective health impact studies involving asbestos related diseases. Two presentations at the University of Montana Center for Environmental Health Sciences Asbestos Conference (July 28, 2005) introduced novel metho...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
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