Abstract：
CONTEXT:Three heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, 2,3-diethylpyrazine (DEP), 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), and 2-acetyl pyridine (AP), are naturally present in tobacco and are also added to tobacco as flavor ingredients. OBJECTIVE:A battery of tests was used to compare the toxicity of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes containing the three heterocyclic nitrogen compounds added individually at three different levels. The lowest target inclusion level of the ingredient was 10 ppm, and the highest was 10,000 ppm. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Smoke from experimental and control cigarettes was evaluated in analytical smoke chemistry, in vitro cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity assays. RESULTS:The cigarettes with added DEP produced some minor (approximately 10%) changes in smoke chemistry when compared with the cigarettes containing no DEP. Smoke chemistry was effectively unchanged by the addition of either AP or TMP. Cytotoxicity, assessed by the neutral red uptake assay using both gas-vapor and particulate phases of smoke, was unaffected by the addition of any of the test ingredients. Mutagenicity, assessed in five strains of Salmonella treated with mainstream cigarette smoke condensate, also was unaffected by any of the test ingredients. CONCLUSIONS:Despite the exaggerated ingredient levels relative to commercial-use levels, there was a lack of a toxicological response for the three heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in the test systems used.
journal_name
Inhal Toxicoljournal_title
Inhalation toxicologyauthors
Coggins CR,Merski JA,Oldham MJdoi
10.3109/08958378.2010.545841subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-01 00:00:00pages
84-9eissn
0895-8378issn
1091-7691journal_volume
23 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been reported to cause lung pathologies in multiple studies. However, the mechanism responsible for the bioactivity has not been determined. This study used nine different well-characterized MWCNT and examined the outcomes in vitro and in vivo. MWCNT, from a variety of source...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2012.745633
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microbial growth in moisture-damaged buildings has been associated with respiratory health effects, and the spores of the mycotoxin producing fungus Aspergillus versicolor are frequently present in the indoor air. To characterize the potential of these spores to cause harmful respiratory effects, mice were exposed via...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370290084908
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Naphthalene (NA) was shown to be carcinogenic, causing respiratory epithelial adenoma in the nasal cavity of male F344 rats and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma in female F344 rats at exposure concentrations of 10-60 ppm in a 2-year inhalation study conducted by the National Toxicology Program. To explore the exposu...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2011.636086
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Increased lung cancer incidence with workers at the production site of crude silicon carbide (SiC) using the Acheson process has been reported. Several agents derived from the process were discussed as causative factors. Recently concern had been expressed about the presence of cleavage fragments (CFs) in commercial p...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2014.885099
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study aimed to determine the association between home and vehicle exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and chronic bronchitis based on data from 64,961 non-smokers aged 12 years and older who participated in the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). The proportion of respondents who reported ETS...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370802409567
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the surface chemistry of urban fine particles (PM(2.5)), and quantified the adsorbed and desorbed species after exposure to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Urban background and roadside PM(2.5) samples of different mass concentration and total weight were collected in triplicate in the Sou...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370490443204
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mexico City children are chronically exposed to significant concentrations of air pollutants and exhibit chronic respiratory-tract inflammation. Epidemiological, controlled human exposures, laboratory-based animal models, and in vitro/in vivo studies have shown that inflammatory, endothelial dysfunction, and endotheli...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370701864797
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellulose fibers, along with many other organic fibers, are durable. Therefore, if inhaled, they have the potential to persist within the lung, and may then cause disease. Here we report the effects of injecting high-purity cellulose fibers into the abdominal cavity of rats. A respirable fraction of cellulose fiber wa...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370290084584
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The irritants acrolein, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid induce a rapid sensory nerve-mediated nasal vasodilatory response in the rat. The aim of the current study was to examine acute nasal sensory nerve-mediated acute responses to an irritant ester vapor, ethyl acrylate. For this purpose, the upper respiratory tract of...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370290084511
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Irritant-induced inflammation of the airways may aggravate respiratory allergy induced by chemical respiratory allergens. Therefore, the effect of airway irritation by synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) on respiratory allergy to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was studied. Brown Norway (BN) rats were topically sensitized on...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370802105371
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Epidemiologic studies have linked inhalation of air pollutants such as ozone to cardiovascular mortality. Human exposure studies have shown that inhalation of ambient levels of ozone causes airway and systemic inflammation and an imbalance in sympathetic/parasympathetic tone. METHODS:To explore molecular me...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1080/08958378.2017.1310333
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article addresses the importance of blood pressure as a covariate in studies of long-term associations between air quality and mortality. We focus on a cohort of about 50,000 U.S. veterans who had been diagnosed as hypertensive at some time and whose survival rates were predicted by blood pressure (BP) and ambien...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370304463
更新日期：2003-04-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Objectives: To (1) design and build a low-cost exposure chamber system for whole-body exposure of rodents to electronic cigarette aerosol, (2) provide detailed instructions with particular focus on automated e-cigarette activation, and (3) develop a simple mathematical model for aerosol levels in the exposure chamber....
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2019.1698678
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Wollastonite is a naturally occurring calcium silicate (CaSiO(3)) that is produced in both powder and fibrous forms. It is a valuable industrial mineral used in plastics, ceramics, metallurgical applications, paint, and friction products. For some applications wollastonite serves as an asbestos replacement. To varying...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08958370591002030
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiologic studies of air pollution require accurate exposure assessments at unmonitored locations in order to minimize exposure misclassification. One approach gaining considerable interest is the land-use regression (LUR) model. Generally, the LUR model has been utilized to characterize air pollution exposure and...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/08958370701495998
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concurrent exposure to SO(2) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) resulted in an increased incidence of lung tumors in rodents compared to exposure to B(a)P alone. A synergistic effect on the expression of c-fos and c-jun between SO(2) and B(a)P was observed in lungs after SO(2) and B(a)P exposure. However, tumorigenesis occurs...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958370903341891
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate effects of neurobehavioral disturbances in mice caused by sub-chronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the possible mechanism for these effects, 60 male Kunming mice were exposed in 5 similar static chambers, 0 (control) and 4 different doses of VOCs mixture (G1-4) for consecut...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/08958378.2014.882447
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intent of this article is to review the comparative nonneoplastic pathological responses (inflammation, fibrosis, and epithelial proliferation) of rats, hamsters, mice, and monkeys to low-toxicity dusts (TiO(2), carbon black, talc, coal-mine dust, and diesel particulate). The paucity of information on some of thes...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/089583700196563
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiological studies have shown an association between microbial growth in buildings and increased risk of respiratory symptoms and disease related to inflammatory reactions in the inhabitants96. The current study examined the affects of growth conditions of Streptomyces anulatus, isolated from indoor air of a mold...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/089583701459065
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abstract：:Epidemiologic studies have provided strong evidence that episodic exposure to ambient particulate matter is associated with increases in morbidity and mortality. These adverse effects have been demonstrated at concentrations far below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), and thus, the biological plausibi...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/089583799197276
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Rodents used in scientific research are typically housed in cages containing natural bedding materials. Despite extensive evidence of biological harm from inhaled particulate matter (PM), relatively little work has been performed to measure bedding-generated PM exposure in caged animals used in basic science...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2019.1694109
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this exploratory study within the integrated subchronic inhalation exposure study (Lippmann et al., 2005) was to identify genes in heart and lung tissue that changed in expression level as a result of subchronic exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Identification of CAPs exposure-related c...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370590912851
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A subchronic, nose-only inhalation study compared the effects of mainstream smoke from a 1R4F research cigarette to that of a 2R4F research cigarette. Male and female rats were exposed for 1 h/day, 5 days/wk, for 13 wk to mainstream smoke at 0, 0.06, 0.20, or 0.80 mg wet total particulate matter per liter of air. Clin...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370490271340
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to characterize the respiratory effects of single and repeated controlled exposures to clean warm humid and cold dry air in a new model of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs, and to compare findings with known effects in humans. Intratracheal air (T(tr)) and retrotracheal t...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370050085129
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Dimethyl sulfide (DMS, CAS 75-18-3) is an industrial chemical. It is both an irritant and neurotoxicant that may be life-threatening because of accidental release. The effects of DMS on public health and associated public health response depend on the exposure concentration and duration. However, currently, p...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2018.1551444
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most current deterministic computer dosimetry models use idealized dichotomous symmetrical infant, child, and adolescent tracheobronchial geometries for dosimetry predictions. These tracheobronchial geometries were derived from either the morphometric measurements of J. D. Mortensen and colleagues or those of R. F. Ph...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370600748349
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article addresses results of two 13-wk inhalation toxicity studies in Wistar rats with aerosolized 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) homopolymers using either the isocyanurate (HDI-IC) type or biuret (HDI-BT) type. Groups of 10 rats/sex/level were exposed nose-only to breathing zone concentrations of 0.5, 3.3,...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370118600
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhalation exposure systems are necessary tools for determining the dose-response relationship of inhaled toxicants under a variety of exposure conditions. The objective of this project was to develop an automated computer controlled system to expose small laboratory animals to precise concentrations of airborne multi...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370802712713
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This study aimed to investigate whether increased carboxyhemoglobin (COHB) levels and ECG changes, which associated with fatal ventricular dysrhythmias, including increased QT, P-wave and T peak (Tp)-Tend (Te) dispersion, can be detected after smoking narghile, which is a traditional method of smoking tobacco t...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958378.2016.1224957
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Crystalline silica has been classified as a human carcinogen, but there is still considerable controversy regarding its fibrogenic and carcinogenic potential. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxic potential of bentonite particles (diameter < 10 microm) with an a-quartz content of up to 6% and different c...
journal_title：Inhalation toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/08958370600563524
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
